19 Burst results for "Macquarie University"
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"macquarie university" Discussed on SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"California davis current theories for planetary formation proposed that rocky planet sach's mas earth and venus were formed early in the existence of our solar system as smaller objects collided together. These collisions was so violent. The resulting bodies melted and partially vaporized eventually cooling and solidifying into the neely's very planets we know today of course a rotating object is angular momentum and then needs to be conserved in a collision logan stewart suggests that when you think of angular momentum you should be thinking of escape spitting on is if she extends her arm show slower read a spin and a spin fast as she holds ramsey and close by her angular momentum remains the same now considered to skaters turning on is if they catch hold of each other the angular momentum of age adds together so total angular momentum remains the same locking stewart model. What happens when the ice skaters earth size rocky planets cutting with other large bodies with both high and the g and high angular momentum. They looked at the statistics of giant impacts finding that they can form a completely new structure. The authors found that over range of high temperatures and high angular momentum planet sized bodies could form a new much larger to royal structure disc sort of like a doughnut with the centerfield in the object is mostly vaporized rock with those solid or liquid surface and the author's name. Then you object. As sta from sin many together and history of the great goddess of architecture and stretches the k. Dishonesty formation is that some of the structures material actually goes into orbit in a spinning solid sphere. Every point from the court of the service is rotating at the same rate but in giant impact the material of the planet can become molten gaseous and expand in volume. And if it gets big enough. And he's moving fast enough power to the object will pass the velocity needed to keep material in orbit and that's when it forms a huge disc shaped in esta. Most disease suggests the johnny bags correspondence the former disc of solid or multi material surrounding the planet but for the same mass of planet semester will be much larger than a solid planner with a disc. The author suggests that most pilot's license experience collisions that could form a sinister at some point during their formation. They propose the foreign object like say the earth this nasty wouldn't last very long perhaps hundred diesel so before it lost enough hate to convince back into a solid object but they propose that's a nasty is formed by larger or hotter objects such as gas giants or even stars could potentially last much longer this initiative structured doesn't suggest new ways to think think about the moon's formation the smoothies remarkably similar to the earth composition and karen theories about how the moon informed involve the giant impact between the proto worth and mass spinal cord sarah which caused both bodies to melt together and through a lot of material into orbit which eventually coalesced to form the moon. Bets such an impact could they radically instead of from the sinister from which the earth moon both condensed planetary scientist dr simon owed to from acquire. University says no actually observed this initiative directly and so basically. It's kind of body that you get immediately. After the collision between two planets as we currently understand them to planet sized objects a pot of this is driven by the formation had the smooth inform and basic idea is that you had to it three times objects that collided they done some theoretical calculations that where they've done all these basically collided planetary mass objects together and just to see what would happen. I one of the outcomes seems to be that you get rather than getting to the moon like we. Have you get sort of these. Very large doughnut of hot paper is brooke that it's sort of spinning around a very very very large much bigger than the actual to planets. Because you go. They vaporize rock in sort of a astronomers will probably tourists which is really fancy. Name for dr not and you'd have some central region which was more dancing than if vaporize when it's cloud of material going around. They're not shy around the outside and it's sort of unclear to me how long this could persist how long before it's sort of started either dispersing just collecting because angular momentum Is the key here. And and the situations we don't really understand very well in my opinion. So it's yeah it's very. It's a very very interesting. Id this sinister idea. I'm not really on the nineteen issue but That is what it is. But i i like the concept that could happen. The one key pot here is this is very very theoretical. No one has observed anything that looks like this and that's important because very very because sky. Oh he is still a little bit larger than a planet maybe out to the over to the moon or beyond sorry you. It's very very difficult to observe this kind of thing when we look at planets that have rings around them. That's what they have. They have rings around them. They all the gas giants do and we assume the earth did win. Theater slammed into moon resulted. Could've been chea rather than a ring or is this initiative fat ring. Well i'd say that the the rings More likely that debris left over from the formation of the giant planet the planet the planet itself owned the giant planet owned a whole lot of other material around the outside and then gradually it created into the various moons in any sort of leftover material. Went into the rings. A little of course satin. And he's a little bit different. Because in fact fed by a guy from one of the one of its moods the rings icon. Continuously being renewed. But certainly yeah. I think that any any ring structure is is quite different to this. Because are even if you had a collision although i think in when we looked at comets and that sort of thing that has collided into juba running to jupiter thank basically just destroyed completely the best because you have a very large thing with a very very small thing whereas in this scenario you're looking at earth five object. You're looking at something like my odds and something like us. That sort of bullpen colliding. And so the very rocky. So the i think. That has a big impact on the outcome. So this really means that the existence of a sinister would depend very much upon which eventual muddle of planetary formation. Turns out to be correct. Yeah it does it. Does i mean i. i sort of feel like The various models of ton of formation probably occurred just depends on their conditions That's my that's that's a. That's a hunch i wouldn't call that a You know backed up by anything. But that's that's my. My hunch is that they will work in the right. Scenario planetary accretion model Is basically where the staff ormes at the center of a very large cloud of gas and any other material nor whatever it forms the you had these very large collapses material. And then you've got the nuclear mission time you start. And then any material or thoughts rotating around that stuff starts opening and then eventually you get little impacts in collisions but the of material in the rock and gas awesome whatever collide and stick together and gradually crate become larger and larger and they and as i become lodgers they attract more material so they eventually stopped. Become what you would call testimony. So it's small planet and i get bigger and bigger and bigger and in the case of gas giants You have the ideas. You might have some dense core of material but then you get gas that just gets sort of drawn to it and it creates onto onto that. In the case of the terrestrial planets the rookie is it's just rock And maybe ice and that kind of thing is obviously going to be vaporized and so you just have these molten thing because that's like a lie as a little bits and pieces collided. Get very very hot. And so that sort of does fade into the synesios idea in the sense that you have these two things that collide and then i be out. These large amount of vaporized rock. The other model is the gravitational instability model of planet formation. And that's much more. Where rather than the chretien you have. A it forms a little bit more like star formation. You get regions of high density that sort of collapsed. You know themselves and and i think that may my personal once again. It's more a hunch. But i think that that might match brown off a little bit better. Yeah the latest evidence. We're getting from jets coming out of brown almost a lot on indicated. The that model may will be correct at least for brown against sort. Fill that gap between the largest planets and the smallest is that actually tangent our ideas of something like jupiter a filed star or pale brown dwarfs because if it formed through integration mechanism rather than gravitational instability. Then it's probably more just a very large planet whereas brown phones potentially by the gravitational instability is much more like a filed star. How does the nastiest fit in with us to models Basically the finished fifth in much better with the accretion model. I think because you have these two rocky objects that impact each other and then they spew out lodge very vast cloud of vaporized rocking and that forms. They sort of doughnut shop. Cloud that at all but Central the central core of whatever's left over from the collision from the impact. In better with when you looking at rocky planets rather than sort of guest on. That's planetary scientist. Dr simon to from macquarie university and this space time still calm space the final frontier and phase one a and b. australians being advised to get a boost of third covert nineteen vaccination shot all that and more stood account on space time. Speak sir.
Hack
"macquarie university" Discussed on Hack
"Moment for us to let it slip and let it slide have a raid of the learning statement with staying true to that we believe in that as young people where carrying on that. Fire that torch that our elders are putting us. Hack on triple j j williams with that story and brent in sydney has texted the government to the report. Thank them today. Their efforts and put the report into the top top-drawer more needs to be done is actually like. Because i'll sculling. Tickle my whole for you game triple so a really violent and graphic show about clause divide in. south korea has become. the most streamed show on netflix. In the world fade in the few good period drama bridgeton and it's been surprising to say out successful. It's become australia. It's in korean. So you need subtitles. None of the actors very well known turns out. It's a show that he'd some important issues facing right now highlighted by the pandemic of coolest. What did you love about squid game. We'll maybe you saying it didn't really get the hype text me. Oh full three nine. Seven five seven triple five. Andrew mccormack has been watching. And don't worry nurse spoilers coming up in this all week. I haven't been able to get these sound out of my head. you don't recognize. It is from the netflix shows. Squid game and if you don't know what that is drama from south korea. It's been competitive stuff like a battle royale or the hunger games because the characters are in this very elaborate and mysterious competition to win heaps of money. The stakes are high because everyone playing has debts so they really need the money and if they lose any of the challenges which are based on these kids games in korea they die. I've been getting really into it. And so of a bunch of my friends is said wishing squid game. Because i thought it was going to be another quickey korean comedy-drama like one of the other ones that same before except this one started getting really really violent which is just something that i would not choose to watch but then i sat down and bench for two days straight and i think some of the reasons that the show is so compelling is because it transports us from like this eighteen months hellhole. But we've been in and takes us into like this soup. Unfamiliar and unpredictable and beautifully shot space. I also find interesting. Because i'm not watching people that looks like me. So seeing a little glimpse into what life is like inside of towns in korea on the other side of the world is really interesting to me so why of all shows has squid gain topped the streaming child's. dr seuss. Lee is a lecturer in asian studies. At macquarie university. She specializes in korean film. Tv and fiction and she has some theories when reality accuracy his knee during the penny it. We might tongue to is to in stories as a rail processing trauma. Another theory is much simplisafe. It's just a good quality show and it's different to the american stuff we're used to. He acting is support. It's his you is whom in suspense very victory or in specific scenes in across the large narrative most viewers feeling cyncial american generally but also duck delay says even with games premise seem super removed from out experienced. Here in australia is actually a lot of stuff in there that we can relate to a majority of young australians menus in generation z. Smu esotique about few choice. She of course uncertainty about their financial future. He's.
Hack
"macquarie university" Discussed on Hack
"You wanted to represent west and see me is amazing. I am so privileged to have burn up in such a diverse and colorful community. I loved it and you know. I never felt disadvantage at all growing up and the people around me my family my community will. Oh very support you. I don't think i really realized it. Until i left my little bubble in south west sydney and went to university. I went to macquarie university. And that's when. I realized why there is such a dock contract between how I had grown up in loot and a lot of my university mate. That compare yourself to what others had. It does make you think twice about The opportunities that you've been afforded in life you've done so much work to in your own community. You've been a us later for the vietnamese buddhist youth association you've advocated for migrant wack is. Why have you focused so much of your work on your own community and what we hoping to bring to your political career in off to that experience. I think that that's just inherently who. I am growing up. It was about the people around me. The people that i live with and work with and i think that in my career but also in my life i think i've really made that a priority to just be of service and to serve my community and this was just another opportunity to serve my community in a different way. Yeah we'll tell me how you felt. When christina chameleon announced that she was going to go for these state of falah you had already been endorsed by the member who was already in the position and he's now retiring and then she announced that she was going for it as a very high profile politician. What was going through your mind for anyone in my position. It would be disappointing. But i think decision has already been made Unfortunately my spent so that these days you know. I i'm remaining loyal to my community and to my party at a knowing exactly what will be next in my hr that spain a bit of a and overweight. And i haven't really had a chat so we haven't been break Let me think about the next step. What do you think it's important that someone from a community should be representing it up enroll communities. We're not asking for much but we're asking for isn't unrealistic either. We just want leaders to really listen to us. We want lead as you understand the unique needs of community. So i want to stay priorities and lived experiences so i it's important that we have leaders in candidates can truly reflect the communities that they think to serve and really engaged with the people candidate goes thoughts on anthony as comments today. He said he. He that kristina kenneally was born in the us and that she represents another great migrant success story in australia. What do you think about that. Everyone's story is different and shouldn't they discredited. I think that al stories in south west sydney we have a common story. And i think a lot of people have resonated with my story. And that's why this may gotten the attention that it has. And i think that's a great thing that particularly in down papal a now being coming more engaged so i think that it's really spot to a conversation to these has really reflected a lot of issues about holloman and a lot of people saying that. He's a major lack of diversity. A major lack of representation of even young people in parliament first nations people people from migrant backgrounds. What does anthony albanese. Comments said that christina cornelie bang from the us that that he's a migrant success story. What does that tell you about the views that we might have as a nation to woods an issue like diversity in parliament. The urgent problem that needs to be addressed here is the ongoing representation there the lack of diversity that we have now political institutions. And you know if we can't identify the problem. And how can we actually fix it. So the first thing is being able to identify that that it's an issue that needs to be addressed. What kind of message does this whole situation and to young people especially those from culturally diverse backgrounds. Because we hear for young people in this show the time that they may not feel any relationship all connection to all politicians. You often he things like they're out of touch. So what messages these sending to young people in a you worry to discourage them from getting into politics. I heard that it doesn't. I hope that my personal experience is a great lesson for everybody. And i really hard that they missed. Opportunity doesn't alienate a generation of young a really intelligent people from the potty. Like i said. I'm always hurtful that we can live up to our values and I'd like to send a clear message to young people out there that Maintain your heart and it will be better in the show because we will make that change. Huck on triple j. That is too early and the decision has already been made by his head office so they will be no pre-selection foot too late to try and bait christina kinealy to eventually run in the federal election but we're going to keep following these and let you know if anything changes and a lot of people yet feeling that disconnect with who's in parliament. Someone says it feels like a big blow to young. Australians of color like myself that anyway we do in our communities can may nothing to our ladies who can parachuting someone from outside. Well people have their own ideas about what is right and wrong but what matters is how jehovah feels on. Triple joe you are listening to hack on triple j. My name's avenue dies and imagine growing up. Never being. I will to celebrate a birthday. That's just one rule jehovah's witnesses have to follow they one of the christian denominations and young people are often forced to tell members of the congregation. Every time they kiss someone will do anything sexual. They've also been claims of sexual abuse. Let's hear from a young person who left the jehovah's witness church and it meant cutting ties with her family. Lou hill has his story. Being born and raised. Jehovah's witness has had a massive impact on my life and especially leaving. Their religion has had devastating consequences for me. I lost my entire family friends. That i grew up with and a community that i felt safe in mind control and enslaving practices. We don't believe exist in modern society. But that's exactly what ex jehovah's witnesses allege sarah whose name we've changed for. Privacy was from a strong linux jehovah's witnesses at seventeen she lived in a congregation worships well known liked and even had a boyfriend in just like many seventeen year old sister she became sexually active not only did have he is and family. Find out but the odor's in her congregation in jehovah's is being sexually active before marriage is a major sin. they haven't really specific rules around disciplining their full is by having judicial committees and isabella shipping or excommunicating.
Your Dream Life with Kristina Karlsson, kikki.K
"macquarie university" Discussed on Your Dream Life with Kristina Karlsson, kikki.K
"Welcome to my podcast along. I'm so excited to have you on having wanting to get deeper into meditative for quite a while and you are always on top of my list so very excited to have you before we actually jumping. I would love to ask a question that i ask. Every single guest and that is to really look back a little bit on your childhood. What were your dreams for the future when you're a child. And what did you dream about being or doing. Wow it's amazing to be on for like this elaborate. Interestingly will probably less. When i was a little kid and my teenage years i really got into susini badges in the smiths existentialism and i was reading a lot of young poles. Solitaire albert camus. I felt i was a bit of a romantic sort of existentialist. And i really wanted to write articles for time magazine. Become a journalist and site the world from capitalistic grades. So was very awesome in this story of perspective. About trying to be some sort of disruptive for the world and yet interestingly. I didn't quite do that. I did apply for journalism at macquarie. University was supposed to do that. That got put on hold and went down the path becoming In the finance industry. For twenty. Six years so i couldn't be more ironic matt tell you county officer perhaps but you have a fascinating and super interesting stories. I would love to share that. We have business from all over the world of maybe we have some. Do not know about you yet to love to hear you john young. This was a colorful journey wanting to go into into two sites as people do not because it could be monotonous. If you want to ask before but just to continue on from what i just said than i was about to go and do a degree of according to best journalism. And i just finished which was quite a common thing back in stride. Back satellite. Id's was to take a gap year. That's year off after high school in between university. And they just grab a backpacking traveling around the world walking in places in visiting exotic locations. Until i did that for year which was a really big Joins rely on just loved walking through rainy. Cobblestones straits of paris. Light in the evening with my beget in a bottle of cheap wine this into the find distant sounds of jazz and all this other stuff but when i got back i had no money and i did. She just applied for a bunch of jobs in the pipe before he started and it was really interesting back in those days. You had these big saturday morning. away apply for jobs in. I just read off to a number of different places where i could potentially get some. What can i wasn't going to tell him that. In a few months time outs gonna go on to a degree in university Money and i ended up landing a job on Floor and it was a wealth that i'd never even knew existed. It was quite a phenomenal sort of while intending to very much like wall street is pretty much exactly like that. Big massive trading route flow. You know hundreds of people predominantly men screaming and yelling testosterone in nineteen years old. I just was just a trick. Something meal is very exciting. Very glamorous in gave me a corporate amex cotton sports car as wearing pinstripes suits nam. Next thing is making a lot of money and that really just down that path. It was very hard to the white from at that point. You know the further down you go the debris you become because you get you make more money..
Hack
"macquarie university" Discussed on Hack
"Meaningful legislative legislative power. Those dramatic images of the ocean aflame quickly going viral on social media. Some people calling it an eye of fire while look like a portal to hell. Opening up on yeah. Did you see those of the crazy fire. In the ocean of the gulf of mexico was this huge fireball. Coming out of the water. I didn't even know that was possible. Like a thing. It looks kind of like something. Out of lord of the rings will be able to cool and the fire started in an underwater pipeline. The oil company that owns it flames gas flake and this company. Pex doesn't have a great track record. It's been responsible for a number of major industrial accidents. Panic said there was no human injuries and claim those also no oil spill in the act accident fought environmental groups really worried about the impact of these on marine life. Allegations are fight against climate change. Of course so is there enough regulation around these kind of programs projects and what consequences to these oil companies face. When something goes wrong tena sullivan. Hunter is a geologist. she's also a professor of energy and races law at macquarie university professor. Thanks for chatting. Can you explain what went wrong here. How this could have happened. Yes certainly and thank you for having me. So what happened was essentially Something with the line. Now i suspect it would be either a crack or some sort of Corrosion or something like that happened that allowed me to And it would have been under very high pressure to seen that sort of roiling water that you born to create such a fire and then there was an ignition source. I something weeks it so you you. You can't have me just spontaneously erupt. it's i have an emissions Ignition source and so once it was ignited you then had these far that was fade from guests. That was constantly being. Said into the pipeline. So the more the the gas goes down the pipeline and It's not shut the more you get The guests scaping and you. The fire and that boiling water continued those horrific images. I i guess professor the the question here is was it. Preventable like is this on the oil company for causing this absolutely Oil and gas pipelines. Don't just spontaneously pot. What normally happens is you have to. It's like any pop line. It's like a water park. It's like you know any of the parts that we would have him to get daily line gas water parts. Guess processors parts that has to be inspected. And if there's something wrong it has to be corrected so either. The inspection regime was was lax or they might have seen something and the all it can wipe you know. We'll just see if we can get more out of it and they've lifted and haven't corrected. The defect with pressure is a big role. Here any eventually just cracks open and you get what you saw. Which is that reeling. High pressured gas coming out and then it gets ignited. And you have what seems to be impossible which is awesome. Yeah it's it's just seems like this paradox. that shouldn't exist but it was right before our eyes in that video and professor these company pimek's has a history of industrial accidents. They don't have a clean track record by any means. You know things like work is dying on sites from big explosions. That sort of thing legally how they allowed to just keep operating off to something. Even one big thing happening goes wrong. Well the thing is what you have to understand. These number one is is a state owned oil company. So it's not one of you. You'd be oil majors. Your international oil companies that can be banned from the country or that can force them to to make reparations on assad is actually owned by the mexican government and if you delve into their history. It's got caught chicken street and in fact into very recently it was the only Oil company that was allowed to even operate in The suffering area of of mexico. And you're right. It is a huge number of these shootings and environmental catastrophes. Really you know the pipeline explosion into testing nineteen. There was another twinkie. Tain is certainly not covered itself in glory nor eat would appear have learnt from. Its listen to west the accountability. Where does that come in from the government where the company is registered or. How does that work and just noting we have about thirty seconds left of the show. So we've got we've got the government is supposed to be responsible and the regulator. You have to understand. This is a corrupt regime. And so i Oversight in corrupt regimes never works and as a result is really lift right by themselves and does not find any retribution. And because of that. This is going to keep happening. Yeah that's that's really horrible. Thought to think of more horrible vise in the ocean like that and that sort of thing but cena thanks so much for joining us today on triple j. Thank you hack on triple j. That was tena sulayman. Hunter this. She's a geologist and professor of energy and racehorses law at macquarie university. That's all we've got time for today on the hack. Podcast catchy again tomorrow. This is an abc podcast..
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"macquarie university" Discussed on SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"Scientists are developing in you instrument for the world's biggest telescopes that will allow it to pierre even further back in space and time. The instrument is called the multi conjugate adaptive optics assisted visible imager inspector graph or mavis for short. It combines adaptive optics and spectroscopy while at the same time extending its range over more frequencies in the visible lyra gene mavis will be fitted to one of the four eight point to made it. Telescopes that make up. The european southern observatory's very large telescope array or vlt in chile once fitted it'll produce images three times sharper than those of the hubble space telescope allowing astronomers to see furthering clearer unlocking mysteries of the early universe. The fifty seven million dollars seventy project to build the instrument is being led by the australian national university. The consortium including macquarie university put simply maybe will remove the blurring from images caused by turbulence in its atmosphere in the process pushing back the cosmic frontier of watts visible mavis project scientist associate professor richard. Mcdermott from macquarie university says the ability to deliver corrected images over a wide field of view. Using one of the world's largest telescopes is what makes me as a first of its kind instrument. He says the new technology mavis will allow strana to see further back in time than ever before allowing them to explore. How the first stars will form more than thirty billion years ago and even how whether changes on distant planets and moons. Mesa is an instrument that we are building that's going to be attached to telescope in chile. The special thing about this instrument is that it's going to let that telescope to correct for the effects of our sphere and give us a shopper view of the night skies and we've been able to obtain before in fact we expect it to be even sharper and clearer than the hubble. Space telescope adaptive optics. Talking about right yes. So maybe three an acronym and it stands for multi car adaptable six assisted visible immature inspect. Grab but it shortens neighbor and the first part of the acronyms and multiple adopted optics. That's a relatively new way of doing what i said. Correct correcting for our sadness. Fear understanding that through this technique of of adoptable picks and it's doing it in a way that allows us to actually correct and larger field of view for the insurance. That's the multi conjugate part. We get to correct for actually different layers in our atmosphere and that allows us to deliver a very sharp and a very large field of view to this instrument. Now that's evolved as we know it today doesn't enhance the entire visual spectrum. Only a part of it and this extends that to a large area of the electromagnetic spectrum. That's correct so the the technique of adoptive all ticks and maybe explain what what adaptable because when we looked into space from the ground we have to look at south fear and of course the atmosphere is a very dynamic entity. And there's turbulence there's wind those affect change the path of the like that comes towards those and it does not very short timescales. Maybe we can effect with the naked eye when we see stars twinkling but twinkling effect is the effect of thomas fear. But when you look in with a large telescope this shows is kind of a blurring of the image and so that's what helps us to correct for an remembers now with pushing this technique to overhaul the visible light spectrum. Are the kind of life that is our of existing it up to six has typically been done at longer wavelengths infrared wavelengths and it's a bit easier to make these corrections at this runs for various reasons but basically the effect of various Less quickly and the overall they'll pick so we have to use a longer wavelengths can be larger and easier to talk with mavis. We're trying to push this to shorter wavelengths visible whereas you routing that for a number of reasons. The most obvious one is that the visible light spectrum has a lot of information a rich chemical information that we can get for ostra physical objects. It's a very information rich region but it's very hard to walk in with us it up to six because the timescales are very short and the manufacturer tics we have to make is very challenging. But we're confident we can do this with me. And that's one of the areas since he's gonna push empty from a technology standpoint so it works by shining a laser up into the sky and it hits sodium atoms at us at a reasonably high altitude. Where any distortion. He's picked up by computer. That affects actuate is on the mirror itself. Correct yes i just said you know with adoptable. Basically measuring atmosphere is doing. We have to do one very short timescales. We have to measure or two thousand times per second and so because we need to make those measurements. We need right sources to look at and those will give us the photons of light us make. Those measurements bought bright stars everywhere in the sky. And so instead we shine bright blazers up on the andy stimulate apart of the atmosphere. That's rich in sodium and basically fluorescent light and create a light at around one hundred kilometers above our heads and we can look at that is a cold for amateurs doing. That's remeasure amateurs being with these so-called laser guide stars and then we changed the shape of a mirror. It's called a deformed woman there's actually three of them in nasa's which ship for the mirror which basically does reverse distortion to the light of. What the spirited and once alike comes off of those matters is basically correct for the distortions caused by your son this year. So yeah we have big lasers we have these large so called former which are moving at a dozen times or second we're measuring atmosphere at the same rate and all about has to come together and work. I'm not we'll deliver. These are beautiful correct and images that this is going to work out. And that's the first part of mavis but there's also the specter graphic side of his will. That's correct so always talked about is the baltics. That's basically cleaning up the and then sharpening incorrectly for atmosphere where they don't want to look at and analyse make measurements mess for the science comes in to. Maybe this is going to have an integer. Just taking kind of broad light images but also have what we call an integral field spectrum and it's kind of like an immature but imagine the inch where every pixel has a rainbow spectrum behind and so about breaks up the land constituent wavelength and. That's where we get these chemical and banana. Coal mingo prints from national. Physical sources of this equipment will be fitted to one of the full eight mated telescopes on the veil tease correct One of the reasons. We are so proud and excited to be working on mavis that it's actually stralia. Unlatch project and such an international consortium with partners in italy and france or helping build mavis. That grip is led by teams here in australia. And the reason that we're able to lead such an instrument for the european southern observatory is because in two thousand seventeen. The government Started a ten year partnership with european southern to ever trade. That brings australia almost like a like a full partner for about consortium and that gives us access to telescopes so australian researchers can use telescopes but also let lead in developed technology for telescopes. And that's the really exciting benefit to this partnership we turned on how with you so so yes. We'll be building the mavis between the groups here australia and initially that we bring it all together and ship chilly or it gets installed in the telescope there at the time of knowledge ever tree. And that's where it listen work. That's mavis project. Scientist associate professor richard mcdermott from macquarie university. And.
Space Nuts
"macquarie university" Discussed on Space Nuts
"But this is a what. And it's actually an instrument which is being built in australia for the european southern observatory's very large telescope which is in chile and the basically the instrument is going to as you. It's going to outperform the hubble telescope on one of the four eight point two meter telescopes of the european southern observatory's very large telescope. That's its name collective name for these four telescopes and a few other small ones. Besides in fact navies is destined for telescope. Which is officially known as ut for but all those four eight point two two telescopes the european southern observatory got names from chilean indigenous culture and ut for is the upon and remember what which one that is. I think it is. It may be serious. Serious the brightest star in our in our tradition in chilean japan is probably the other ones are named after things like the southern cross and other constellations anyway enough of that because that's not about movies. Maybe he's actually an acronym. You might have guessed. That andrew stands for dhaka shock horror. So it's i the is actually an acronym itself it's the short for. Mca oh mca. Oh stands for multi. Conjugate adaptive optics. So what that means is some very fancy technology that takes the twinkle out of stars because the twinkle is a blurring effect strong ate and without the twinkle you always have performance equal to the hubble telescope so the twinkle remover is the of mavis. The rest is assisted visible imager and they are assisted visible imager spectrograph. What it does is now implies. It will allow you to form images of celestial objects with incredible clarity because you're essentially eliminating the atmosphere even though you're not telescope on on earth about twelve thousand feet i think of it rather more than three nine three three and a half thousand meters i think is the is the height of the vlt thereabouts. That gets you gets you some some of the way. But the the adaptive optic systems is what really eliminates the the blurring effect of the atmosphere. Until it will form images that rival hubble and in fact a essentially it's expected to be three times clearer than hubble. Sometimes these things take awhile to get to but the other side of spectrograph. That's the really important bit because spectrography is that universal tool that astronomers use to probe what stars amid off to what's going on in galaxies to probe whether stars planets around them all of these things come out of observations were the spectra graphing which the light is broken up into its rainbow colors and we analyze that bar code of information that he superimposed on on the radio spectrum. So it's it's fantastic stuff. It's a number of universities that are involved the leader actually of the project. While i certainly one of the senior members chap called richard mcdermott. Who i know well. He's at macquarie university. Here in sydney richard and i have in common that we were both educated in the same scottish university university of andrews formed. Oh formed in fourteen thirteen hours there a couple years later under what it feels like any me. Too short does well. Do we know when this will be online. I don't know but it's what's happened is the macquarie and other institutions including the university of sydney and i think is an italian component as well as the trailing national university. They have done a feasibility study. Which has been accepted by the gurus at the european southern observatory and there are now kicking off to build it. The expectation is about seven years to build and these things take a long time under. They're not quick to build one of the things that i was doing at siding..
Space Nuts | Astronomy, Space and Science News
"macquarie university" Discussed on Space Nuts | Astronomy, Space and Science News
"But this is a what. And it's actually an instrument which is being built in australia for the european southern observatory's very large telescope which is in chile and the basically the instrument is going to as you said it's going to outperform the hubble telescope on one of the four eight point two meter telescopes of the european southern observatory's very large telescope. That's its name collective name for these four telescopes and a few other small ones. Besides in fact navies is destined for telescope. Which is officially known as ut for but all those four eight point two two telescopes the european southern observatory got names from chilean indigenous culture and ut for is the upon and remember what which one that is. I think it is. It may be serious. Serious the brightest star in our in our tradition in chilean japan is probably the other ones are named after things like the southern cross and other constellations anyway enough of that because that's not about movies. Maybe he's actually an acronym. You might have guessed. That andrew stands for dhaka shock horror. So it's i the is actually an acronym itself it's the short for. Mca oh mca. Oh stands for multi. Conjugate adaptive optics. So what that means is some very fancy technology that takes the twinkle out of stars because the twinkle is a blurring effect strong ate and without the twinkle. You always have performance equal to the hubble telescope. So the twinkle remover. Mca oh is the of mavis. The rest is assisted visible imager and they are assisted visible imager spectrograph. What it does is now implies. It will allow you to form images of celestial objects with incredible clarity because you're essentially eliminating the atmosphere even though you're not telescope on on earth about twelve thousand feet i think of it rather more than three nine three three and a half thousand meters i think is the is the height of the vlt thereabouts. That gets you gets you some some of the way. But the the adaptive optic systems is what really eliminates the the blurring effect of the atmosphere. Until it will form images that rival hubble and in fact a essentially it's expected to be three times clearer than hubble. Sometimes these things take awhile to get to but the other side of spectrograph. That's the really important bit because spectrography is that universal tool that astronomers use to probe what stars amid off to probe what's going on in galaxies to probe whether stars planets around them all of these things come out of observations were the spectra graphing which the light is broken up into its rainbow colors and we analyze that bar code of information that he superimposed on on the radio spectrum. So it's it's fantastic stuff. It's a number of universities that are involved the leader actually of the project. While i certainly one of the senior members chap called richard mcdermott. Who i know well. He's at macquarie university. Here in sydney richard and i have in common that we were both educated in the same scottish university university of andrews formed our formed in fourteen thirteen hours there a couple years later under what it feels like any me. Too short does well. Do we know when this will be online. I don't know but it's what's happened is the macquarie and other institutions including the university of sydney and i think is an italian component as well as trailing national university. They have done a feasibility. Study which has been accepted by the gurus at the european southern observatory and there are now to build it. The expectation is about seven years to build and these things take a long time under. They're not quick to build one of the things that i was doing at siding..
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"macquarie university" Discussed on SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"Seem to flick out in dairy time. There's a whole whole range of different projects. I can barely touch minnesota into the elected concerned about. Styling had completely always start them as well. You cannot question. I'm asking every strong. The more airtime dec- she gets the better. The more Elon musk hopefully. We'll sit up and take notice together. Wish that There is other programs dialing case. The pets The nice notable one at the moment but he's not the only one one thousand seven hundred. Satellites wranglings phenomenal project and its iron ride. It's incredible but i for astronomy. It's an incredible challenge and has significant negative impact. In fact i think nasa picture of the diet show age the famous orion abiola taking. And because you need to take exposures to get both sensitive images you can see. The trials left bar the satellites but absolutely mob in ways that are trying to do any kind of sensitive measurements at the sky. It's challenge at radio wavelengths as well so the optical image as a very very negative impact radio links for satellite constellations Using those radio frequencies to communicate with us and it causes massive massive problems for us for example the primary band up yes kept telescope obsessing at around but boogie has almost half of the frequencies around that central range wipe down but i thought like it is a constant challenge. Obviously federal outside delivering valuable resources for humanity and. That's something that we want to be able to continue to and to see being developed But it would also be nice to be able to continue to do the science that we wanted to to understand the universe and placing it and finding some happy medium to allow coexist is going to be critically important. That's emmy prosaically. Scientists professor andrew hopkins from the macquarie university in sydney. And this space time still to come. Nasa's mars ingenuity helicopter experiences an inflight failure and an aniela solar eclipse take place on june tenth. Oh adamo stood calm on space time..
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"macquarie university" Discussed on SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
"The strain square kilometer. Array pathfinder ask how to develop the most detailed map yet of a portion of the galactic nine of the milky way the findings reported in the monthly notices. The roy lester. Nama society measured almost four thousand compact radio sources many of which were unclassified as well as regions of hydrogen with staff formations. Taking place the galactic planes always been one of the essential objectives for astronomers as it's the part of the galaxy were earned solar system resides and it contains billions of stars as well as dustin gas clouds and presumably dark matter. The project was part of the stiller continuum originating from radio physics in our galaxy or scorpio survey which itself is part of emu the evolutionary map of the universe program projects been difficult because of the huge amount of emissions emanating from so many different sources in this very busy part of the sky making it challenging to obtain out of fat free images and effectively reducing the quality of the final images which in turn makes data analysis more challenging adding to the difficulty at the time the observations were carried out as cap wasn't yet fully operational with any fifteen of its thirty. Six twelve made a parabolic dish. Antennas deployed still at allow the radio telescope into barometer to image area of the sky covering about forty square degrees. Astronomers was still able to study many sources once referred to his radio quiet and they discovered numerous extended unclassified sources lying to a class of galactic bubbles constituting and you sample for identifying supernova remnants located in the murchison region of outback wisdom ustralia. Some eight hundred kilometers north of perth as cap is one of the technology. Demonstrators set up as part of the leading to the giants quick kilometer array project which is building the world's largest radio telescope spanning australia and south africa. The newest cabs of vacations of the galactic plane will allow astronomers to explore a whole new series of astrophysical processes which could lead to the discovery of a new class of object the unprecedented sensitivity angular resolution of these and future immu observations is allowing astronomers study galactic structure and stellar evolution in fact greater detail than ever before and the project doesn't just cover the southern hemisphere it extends into the northern hemisphere is world covering some seventy five percent of the sky at frequencies of around one gigahertz. Amy project lead scientists professor andrew hopkins macquarie university says the data taken during the early stage of as cap commissioning demonstrates the informers extreme sensitivity to extended radio emissions allowing that of important structures in the milky way and providing new insights into the formation and evolution of its stars. Amy is an ambitious project. We anticipated being able to use the new as kept telescope as it was designed stages over ten years ago now to be able to map the entire up and hennessy to dips and solutions that had previously been able to be made a few square degrees scarring. So we expected him you. When fully complete in bats years from now to be providing the best.
Women on the Line
"macquarie university" Discussed on Women on the Line
"School. We blessed thank raise the age campaigner and solicitor surface Visit raise the age. The also a you to find out how you can keep kids in community. An added presents on community radio stations. Right across the strata. You're listening to women on the line every year on international women's day three cr. I dedicated airwaves to stories by and about women and gender diverse communities. One of these shows that participated in this year's international women's day programming was doing time hosted by marissa's bazaar and marissa's to aboriginal in a woman in leadership and not who've been affected by the criminal. Justice system will let marissa. Tell you more about the episode. Now it's the of march two thousand and twenty one. It's approximately four. I one and we'll be taking you through to quite a few very very special interviews. Today and basically the theme for international women's day is leadership and i up on the show. We're going to be interviewing professor. Roman kelsen who is the head of the department of indigenous studies at macquarie university. Brahman is original scholar. Who was born and leaves on denaro country and willing gong. She has worked in both. The aboriginal community controlled health sector and hard for so many years of doing timeshare has focused much of its media squarely on building the movement to stop aboriginal deaths in custody specifically. We'll be interviewing on the topic of indigenous massad. We with brahman which is a term used in the case study to underline that the incidence of indigenous women's debts in these disparate places is not accidental random but but a systematic outcome of the logic of settler colonialism. How i roman welcome to the program. Yeah thanks for having me on. I think sit myself a mammoth task. This morning is operatives. Have huge topics to discuss now. Brahmin before we start vote. Would you like to just correct if it needs correcting the pronunciation of the land. You're on and while you're at it just a little bit of introduction Of from yes so actually today from our country which is an specifically will evolve And you tough lyles and So i on our country at macquarie university. And for the last feed i've been involved in various parts excite look at digital people's engagement on social media and one of the interesting things about that is in social media provides a place where indigenous people can actually challenge the solids around The deaths of indigenous people indigenous women specifically. So it's a place where communities can calm and laid each other. What's happening because mainstream media largely on the day. Susan digital people broadly especially his in A place where afforded the opportunity to share that knowledge with each other and also to mourn and to Rage about it and to discuss it and to try in some ways to support each other is basically can form absolutely and had you say international. Women's di do you think bridge. No women are included on the date. Well like this is really interesting. So you know raging across social media in the last Twenty four hours has been discussions around To and i puzzling to an a Who had a panel titled all about women and with no indigenous women on that panel. And when we're talking about the issues that are really important to indigenous people and one of those is differently famous live and the deaths so al women them people in in In an out of custody across australia that's largely excluded from you. Know public vigils outrage Media attention but we have a panel hoddle all about women but excluding indigenous women is actually outrageous it is at righteous in fact the lebron pays side that we have a fabulous criminal justice system in australia. Yeah that wouldn't surprise me in the slightest always horrified by the criminal justice system. I really appreciate that hammock late and others doing that. Today's issues. To how a few years ago watching that film symbolize dump tokyo. And then there that we're talking about of course the brutal and tommy with mr ward in the back of acreage civis fan and they interviewed the then minister for corrective services and she spoke about the way in which they raton them stack indigenous people into Being incarcerated and how they were building prisons particularly in witness to be able to do that to reconstruct stack indigenous bodies into these places and the lack of concern about that in this woman's interview just was astounding and it's always kinda stuck with me and when she was questioned about the brutal death of mr wooden responsibility as minister She went on to say that made his dual fresh cultural awareness training as a response to the guest of a human to watch. That was it. Yeah so nothing about money. Nothing about protocols or looking at systemic racism nothing like and some infacy full that family and community and so it's always it's the most shocking thing about this and the silence that we get media around this with the digital people. And i know you'll to miss days family And the lack of caring embassy across the nation for the deaths of indigenous people particularly women given this international ones. I'm very is is outstanding to me that there's not empathy for indigenous people. And of course. This has a history. It goes back to colonization these things that are linked limited that you can see in. It's quite visible. That there is no outrage. When the bodies of indigenous people found in the streets around and die in horrific ways is no outrage and that's astounding absolutely i found actually kunai Very very difficult to swallow if you want the truth because it just made me think and actually. I'm glad you mentioned you. And i tonight because it just got me to thinking about the the dishonorable manner in which our criminal justice system wayne justice system and the government views women that have died in particular aboriginal women as invisible. Yeah absolutely look. This government is just shameful. And we've seen that in recent days with the Historical right case sexual Violence allegations levelled against minnesota is underway. Which al government has rallied around to support the perpetrators as opposed to the actual victim and the actual death of a woman in this case In in that case That has just come at recently. Who actually suicide is because of that was treated so police and that tells us how women are treated. General indigenous woman. Is this whole other level where that silence is so dramatic that you know i even talked to people in the every day who have no clue about some of the ways in which indigenous people and women have died in prison for you know. I'm paid fine all You know having one too. Many on your way hon These are the kinds of things that have led to death sentences for women and l. The everton will in touch our social justice. Commissioner june oscar. A couple of years ago described the imprisonment rights for women as a national disgrace. He's come out and say like come. On indigenous people make up such a small percentage but.
Women on the Line
"macquarie university" Discussed on Women on the Line
"In any given year hundreds of kids language behind bars in australia. The minimum age of criminal responsibility is ten in other words of both graded can be arrested and brought before corp camera is the only jurisdiction has taken steps theresa age this week on women on the line raise the age campaigner and solicitor. sophie Explains why locking up. Kids is not only traumatic for the child but exposes them to further And in the second half of the show to win times marissa's Chats bronwyn carlson a professor of indigenous studies at macquarie university. We want to thank maria for giving us permission to play his special international woman's day coverage but first up. Let's look at the campaign to raise their age. Welcome to woman on the line sophie. Thank you very hurt before we look at raise the age campaign. I thought it'd be important to discuss some of the issues that kind of a span the campaign. so let's stop from the top. What factors lead to youth offending proably aware but in australia children as ten year old can be arrested by police and putting the present. So we're talking about extremely young children when we talk about these ideas offending offending anything Maybe an out of home care who Throws them dinner across the room because they get frustrated right through to the things that we might move typically think about like lifting or Some sort of property graffiti something like that. So there's a whole Spectrum of how young people might get caught up in the criminal justice system aboriginal and torres to own the kids of on will likely to be picked up by police arrested put in prison cells than non indigenous kids and the reason that this is a combination of voice over policing so these kids just thing more visible to police and police targeting these these children more often and policies which make lot hotter for these keys high level of poverty and more insecure in unaffordable housing. Things like that got you. And so what happens when children do come into contact with the criminal justice system i had is there. Life generally pan out so again it really depends on who the child is So as i said keep the jiang. ten can come into contact with criminal justice system for that means they might be arrested by police. Taken to a police lockup cell or the night with they might be held that we brought before court and it will be decided what happens to that child Kids that i worked with minimum territory. you know often within sent to sent to juvenile justice detention centers so effectively presents You know where they can be held. If any length of time ed alternative of course his kids particularly to on average charge two kids who come from more privileged background. They might get diverted by police. They might be given a warning that might be taken hunch their parents so a lot hangs on how the police interact with the children. Right the reason. I ask that question was to sort of look at what happens. Like how does prison exists the issue so these kids are going in for minor problems but what does the criminal justice system due to them. Yeah so you almost nothing. Good comes out of the criminal justice system. All the medical evidence tells us that The younger child comes into contact with the criminal justice system. The more likely that they will stay engaged. So that means you know you pay if a kid is eleven years old when they first have contact with police them much more likely to later in life including when adult continue to have that that contact with the criminal justice system and there were lots of reasons to this. But they're all pretty simple when you when you take a kid a child away from their family away from schooling away from all those social structures and support if extremely traumatic for the child. A young person's brain is developing until the about twenty five itchy tilles very young so it disrupts the way brain can can form mature and clerk even basic things like egypt taken out of the formal education system. Says six months very hard for you to reengage with that when you get back. It's very hot. Eatery engage with your friends and your family and third. These kids have a lot of difficulty issuing than normal lives in the community officer being disrupted and very traumatic way by putting these children tension sensitive
Women on the Line
In community and out of prisons
"In any given year hundreds of kids language behind bars in australia. The minimum age of criminal responsibility is ten in other words of both graded can be arrested and brought before corp camera is the only jurisdiction has taken steps theresa age this week on women on the line raise the age campaigner and solicitor. sophie Explains why locking up. Kids is not only traumatic for the child but exposes them to further And in the second half of the show to win times marissa's Chats bronwyn carlson a professor of indigenous studies at macquarie university. We want to thank maria for giving us permission to play his special international woman's day coverage but first up. Let's look at the campaign to raise their age. Welcome to woman on the line sophie. Thank you very hurt before we look at raise the age campaign. I thought it'd be important to discuss some of the issues that kind of a span the campaign. so let's stop from the top. What factors lead to youth offending proably aware but in australia children as ten year old can be arrested by police and putting the present. So we're talking about extremely young children when we talk about these ideas offending offending anything Maybe an out of home care who Throws them dinner across the room because they get frustrated right through to the things that we might move typically think about like lifting or Some sort of property graffiti something like that. So there's a whole Spectrum of how young people might get caught up in the criminal justice system aboriginal and torres to own the kids of on will likely to be picked up by police arrested put in prison cells than non indigenous kids and the reason that this is a combination of voice over policing so these kids just thing more visible to police and police targeting these these children more often and policies which make lot hotter for these keys high level of poverty and more insecure in unaffordable housing. Things like that got you. And so what happens when children do come into contact with the criminal justice system i had is there. Life generally pan out so again it really depends on who the child is So as i said keep the jiang. ten can come into contact with criminal justice system for that means they might be arrested by police. Taken to a police lockup cell or the night with they might be held that we brought before court and it will be decided what happens to that child Kids that i worked with minimum territory. you know often within sent to sent to juvenile justice detention centers so effectively presents You know where they can be held. If any length of time ed alternative of course his kids particularly to on average charge two kids who come from more privileged background. They might get diverted by police. They might be given a warning that might be taken hunch their parents so a lot hangs on how the police interact with the children. Right the reason. I ask that question was to sort of look at what happens. Like how does prison exists the issue so these kids are going in for minor problems but what does the criminal justice system due to them. Yeah so you almost nothing. Good comes out of the criminal justice system. All the medical evidence tells us that The younger child comes into contact with the criminal justice system. The more likely that they will stay engaged. So that means you know you pay if a kid is eleven years old when they first have contact with police them much more likely to later in life including when adult continue to have that that contact with the criminal justice system and there were lots of reasons to this. But they're all pretty simple when you when you take a kid a child away from their family away from schooling away from all those social structures and support if extremely traumatic for the child. A young person's brain is developing until the about twenty five itchy tilles very young so it disrupts the way brain can can form mature and clerk even basic things like egypt taken out of the formal education system. Says six months very hard for you to reengage with that when you get back. It's very hot. Eatery engage with your friends and your family and third. These kids have a lot of difficulty issuing than normal lives in the community officer being disrupted and very traumatic way by putting these children tension sensitive
Women on the Line
"macquarie university" Discussed on Women on the Line
"All day in any given year hundreds of kids language behind bars in australia. The minimum age of criminal responsibility is ten in other words of both graded can be arrested and brought before corp camera is the only jurisdiction has taken steps theresa age this week on women on the line raise the age campaigner and solicitor. sophie Explains why locking up. Kids is not only traumatic for the child but exposes them to further And in the second half of the show to win times marissa's Chats bronwyn carlson a professor of indigenous studies at macquarie university. We want to thank maria for giving us permission to play his special international woman's day coverage but first up. Let's look at the campaign to raise their age. Welcome to woman on the line sophie. Thank you very hurt before we look at raise the age campaign. I thought it'd be important to discuss some of the issues that kind of a span the campaign. so let's stop from the top. What factors lead to youth offending proably aware but in australia children as ten year old can be arrested by police and putting the present. So we're talking about extremely young children when we talk about these ideas offending offending anything Maybe an out of home care who Throws them dinner across the room because they get frustrated.
Between The Lines
Muscling up to China and 25 years since Srebrenica
"Tom Switzer, he and welcome to another episode off between the lines now today on the program will be commemorating the twenty fifth anniversary of Europe's worst massacre since the Holocaust in ninety, ninety, five more than eight thousand people died in Shrimp Nitsa. The town was supposed to be a U N protected safe haven in the vicious civil war that tore Yugoslav apart instead the civilians ended up being massacred by Bosnian Serbs. Were lightning fast with their superior weapons. They easily overran the lightly. I'm Bosnian government troops and the token full civilian peacekeepers. The UN's Valley to protect the civilians inspired Washington to launch unilateral action against Serbia and end the civil war. Would things be the same today now? That's later in the program, but first defense. Last week the Morrison. Government launched a defence strategy and force structure review now the move signals a major shift away from the strategy outlined in the last defence white paper. Remember that just four years ago in two thousand sixteen. It plotted out Australia's strategic costs for the next decade. But that White Paper has as we know been rapidly overtaken by Vince covert China or that now the new review has promised two hundred and seventy billion dollars over the next decade to enhance Australia's defence capabilities with renewed focus on areas like Saba and spice capabilities and the possible development of hop sonic weapons will be fitting aircraft with long-range anti-ship missiles, increasing underwater surveillance and boosting fuel ammunitions reserves. Now, underscoring the seriousness of the shift, the Prime Minister even drew comparisons to the nineteen thirties and the lead up to world. War Two that period of the nineteen thirties. Is Been Something I've been revisiting on a very regular basis and when you connect by the economic challenges and the global uncertainty. It can be very haunting, but is the money too much or not enough is going to all the right places, and we'll do enough to safeguard Australia from China's increasing assertiveness and is rapidly growing military capabilities. What's the role of Australia's diplomacy? And all of this will joining me to discuss this at three distinguished guests. By skill is professor of Asia Pacific Security Studies at Macquarie University Holiday Bites. Thank you good to be here Melissa Conley. Tar is a research fellow at the Asia Institute at the University of Melbourne. Hi There Melissa could to speak again Tom. And Pay. The Jennings is executive director of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Tom No. Can you talk us through the top of scenarios and potential conflicts that the defense review is preparing us for the scenario that the review is focusing on is one involving a high end conventional conflict, so I've gone to the days of stabilization operations in t more Counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan This document is preparing foresight on onsite conflict. Involving countries that have sophisticated military forces. And, of course, the document doesn't say. I don't think it would be reasonable to expect it to say. That China is the problem. But let me tell you China is the problem that is the now neoplasia competitive that way of thinking about when we think about what's adequate in terms of the topic of military capability we need to have. and to does reflect to change. From past years Tom I recall when I started by defense career, we were thinking much more about the risks presented by Indonesia, and the so called low level in cushions in the northwest. Of course, that's no longer features in anyone's strategic thinking. Really it's about China and the risks that the People's Republic is presenting to all of its neighbors in abroad since in the Indo Pacific region and beyond I cabinet crudely putting it some sites laying the groundwork for fortress Australia US sign. This is preparing us to join a potential use LID. Containment slash war against China for example to protect Taiwan Peter Jennings. I think that is it covers a spectrum of possibilities. One possibility which I think is Epson you were in terms of language of the document is that we might conceivably end up having to face military conflict without being able to rely on the direct combat support of the United States, and that's what leads to discussions around extra stockpiling munitions and fuel insightful. But I think in general terms. Yes, the expectation is that Australia. Through its history has been a country that forms coalitions usually have like minded partners, the share the same types of objectives. And the the plan will design the Defense Force. Really gives us the capacity to do that with Rachel Ellis lecture, example, Japan but also with our traditional ally the United States okay bates skill. You've recently completed a review of China's defense capabilities and its recent military modernization, specifically looking at the implications for Australia Wind you expect the Peo- The People's Liberation Army and its navy. When do you expect them to have the capability to project power as far as Australia annual Pacific knives, well in many respects Tom, they already can I mean they have the long range missile capabilities to do that? Know as a from a standoff position launched from their own from their own homeland against hours. But what I think, the the new strategy is looking at is really the development of capability over the next ten fifteen twenty years, and that's by the Chinese own own acknowledged calendar that they would be able to by that time of mass, a large enough capability, both in terms of its long range strike, you know striking from their own homeland, but also bill to project. Project Power passed the so-called first and second island change and being a position to more directly threatened through those platforms Australian security. So you know we're talking ten or fifteen year window here and I think given the time it does take to try and respond to develop the the deterrent and defense capabilities for Australia. That's that's you know that's in some ways a short window. for Australia to be mobilizing in reaction Melissa Tali. What's the role of a strong diplomacy and all these well I think it needs to be growl. And one of the concerns when we look at the deteriorating strategic environment is we think all that's a defense problem? And so when the prime minister launches the strategic update with those comparisons with the nineteen thirties. It pushes US toward seeing in purely military terms but we don't just want to say things in that security lands, we want to think about all of the parts about national power projection, so that's diplomacy and development as well as defense I think if if people thought about it I think what we invest in all three strongly, but that's not where it is if you look at federal budget fifty. Fifty nine billion to defense and less than seven billion to diplomacy and development together the lowest point with ahead in our history and I think we missing that opportunity. If we don't take US seriously, the way that diplomacy and development can shape things in the world so I was struck. Today was a defendant looking at the latest poll on what are the major concerns that Australians have at the moment of the top threats in the world and the first five, a role nontraditional that drought, environment, disaster, climate change, pandemics, and downtown, global economy, and those places where you know military spending isn't going to help shape that environment. So we need to have an effect on those. We need to be thinking much more about what we can do in the diplomacy and development to mind Peter Jennings. What would you say in to Melissa's observations? Because they reflect a certain mindset that that perhaps we should be focused more on non state actors rather than say China for instance well, I think all of these you know threats that have to be taken seriously. I'm and simply because we're living in the middle of a pandemic for example, doesn't the climate change is gone away in this no longer going to present a problem to us. I guess what I'd say. Is that the you know the five things Melissa listed? That were in the featured in the low e Poland terms of popular concerns. Are also the things which could. In different ways late to the risks of conflict escalating in the Indo Pacific region generally so You know my my view, please while I would like to see spending on diplomacy increased. While I. Say Development Assistance is being something which is effectively the United soft in of Australian power, and the military is the hot end of Australian power. I think. The message against all of these areas is that we have just been underinvesting for decades underinvesting for decades, so we're we're all. High fiving ourselves at just reaching about two percent of gross national product, being spent on defense, but that is compared to what we spending in cold or years, which was sometimes between three and a half percent in four percent of rustic product. So what we have grown used to Tom I would say is. Free written on the United. States code tiles of security for for decades. We've dramatically under. Invested in the things that we need to do to strengthen Australia's position, not just militarily, but also diplomat. A now. We're rather surprised to hear the news that Gosh the bill is a lot more expensive than we really thought. It was only if you've got that confidence in the US. and. In fact, the whole trump stories, the story of the Americans really big being fed up with the rest of the world, thinking that the US can fund the bill for their security, so we're going to have to do more and I think we're going to have to do it against multiplicity of areas not. Justin sought the defense organization. We'll some scholars such as you want and James Current from the University of Sydney. They say that this document sounds a lot like an acknowledgement that the US might not always be there to help us out. By are we starting to plan for more independent Australian defense posture I think it would be a wise move to keep that option open when you think of the capabilities that the Chinese developing in which do have a direct pose a direct threat to Australia or could do so. In many respects, the I think the types of threats that you might not expect an immediate or even timely response on the part of the United States what I'm thinking here. Cyber capabilities is a huge priority for the Chinese. We already know what they see the sort of capability. They can wield against Australia and that's not the sort of thing you can expect a kind of cavalry to. Lead the charge from from Washington to come to Australia's defence slowly long range strike capability on the part of the Chinese capability. They already have in which are going to continue to develop. which could threaten Australia down the road now? These are capabilities that I think that Australia's going to have to develop their own defenses for. They can certainly do that with United States, but again it's not necessarily the sort of threat that we would expect some sort of traditional ally joint response not to make it well. Some of are in listeners will email me and they'll say that if Uncle Sam struggles to police. It's own CDs. Melissa. How on Earth Can Uncle Sam Police? The Asia Pacific region in the face of a rising China. What's your sense about us staying power in the next decade or two in look? It's difficult One of the things that strategic update looks at is more threats to the global rules order, and unfortunately the you know, the US is part of that. the US is not along with the strategies interest on things like global trading system, and a number of international issues like global health where we would say you need to be supporting. A Global Response that said I don't think the strategic update will be read negatively in. Washington, it's my guess. it very clearly couched in terms that I think the US will lock about Australia contributing more and having more self. that could be seen as a statement that we think that the US might not have outback, but can also be seen as something that the US has been for for a long time. I particularly liked a few elements of the update things like making sure that we have. You know material ammunition You know that aren't going to be disrupted. Buckle supply trying having more capability eight industrial cut suffering capability here antiques fuel reserves, which is not as long sane as an issue for us, so I mean those are things that are worth investing in. Regardless of US resolve because as we've seen from COVID, we know that supply chain can be disrupted very quickly and easily, and it's worth having eligibilities. Cepeda Jennings bite skill and Melissa Conley Toilet and Melissa. The Pacific step up last year. That realigned Australia's development budget to deal with some of the strategic challenges posed by China in the Pacific Do you think it goes far enough? The step up was followed recently by strategies new International Development Policy Partnerships for recovery, and that's made it very clear that strategies focus should be on the Pacific and also southeast. Asia including. Indonesia and team August. I think that has a very clear statement about what we want. In the region of being entrusted trusted development partner and influencing those societies that we think positive for four region. Again you're going to. You're going to say you. Hear this from me all the time, but again the problem is that we not really making much invasive lunch, so partnerships for recovery head no new money it talked about the massive challenges that covered as as creating for for the for the Pacific, and for for our region broadly, and the only funding announcement was that we're going to repurpose the money. We would have spent on sending Australian. Volunteers in scholarship holders. And we're GONNA use that so I I suppose I. Feel a little bit with all the areas, not actually include district update in that as well that what we've seen through the foreign policy, White Paper and International Development Policy through to to the defense. Strategic Updike is. We talk about how. how? What a time! These these frosty leaving a contested difficult awful environment that we've now got to leave in and the Dow L. Easy Times over, and then we say, and we're not gonNA. Give any new money so I mean the defense announcement is essentially just that we're going to continue to you know, extrapolate out the money that was planned to be spent in the twenty twenty six, and we're going to extrapolate that out to twenty thirty terabytes skill. Do we risk getting into a bidding war for influence in the Pacific? I don't know if it's a risk. If it is a risk worth worth taking. I mean obviously the Pacific region is so extremely important Australia's future. Both for for defense reasons for regional engagement for diplomatic reasons, developing reasons and the like. so It's quite possible that we're entering in a more competitive phase with China in this. SITES WRIST BYTES I'm talking about more the budgetary concerns he because in the wake of the Corona Virus Crosses. There'll be serious limits on how we can spend on these things scholley. Yes, there is and party left to be be developed for that, but you know when you're talking about your own backyard. I mean I I. I don't think it's the kind of country that can simply. Pretended it's by itself getting back pay to Jennings to the region, generally in the rise of what. Angus Campbell is of the Defence Force he's talked about the rise of political warfare, the idea of grey zone warfare things like cyber attacks, economic coercion influence operations that fall below the traditional threshold of war. He says we need a whole of government response to it. I, you seeing that whole of government approach happening in Campbell, or is this Manley focus on defense and the spy agency so far Peter Jennings. It probably is focused on the national security agency's Tom. That's not too surprising because you'd expect them to sort of pick up on the risks I. But General Campbell is right. It does need to be all government is. There's a whole lot of things happening there that simply cannot and should not be done by defense organizations. and. I think that realization is slowly dawning. Along as both of the speakers have said that actually ladyship comes with cost of infrastructure is going to play that role, but you know, give you a small example of this we. We have lost the ability to broadcast into the South Pacific and Southeast Asia. In a way that we used to very successfully over over decades to give us the capacity to do that. We're probably talking about you know that. He million a year forty million a year, which sounds a lot of defend. It's nothing if you're in the Defense Department. Let me tell you. But you need to be able to do things like that. To be the truth teller in the region to actually tell the region that there are alternatives to Chinese Communist Party authoritarianism I think that's what's needed with responding to this grey zone on threat. Is Actually to be the truth teller. In this part of the will and getting our system in Cambridge used to that reality to understanding what needs to be done. To starting at different type of conversation with our region. With our own people for that matter that that is a sort of a psychological change which I can see happening, but we're not quite yet. There's a bit of work still to be done to get to that point Melissa. Conley Tyler. Is, just responding on that. I agree entirely with what pitcher saying on on broadcasting. It's a small investment, such a an increasing influence. It should be Brian and I hope that did that's being seen. I think having defense voices. I will help a lot in a banks, seriously I'm but just went. When you ask Tom Balaton host government and what's happening there? There are some really good examples, so for example win. This Pacific step pop started an office of the Pacific was established in that apartment and tried and each job. He's to be that coordinating body, and it's bringing together the. The defense, the development and the diplomacy in a way that he's gone to maximize our influence. and I've noticed this a lot more discussion about that that three. How do you bring defense development diplomacy communities together? I'm involved in initiate the Pacific. Four Day and I think a lot of people not talking about what more we can do for that that joined up coordination to make the most about national instruments by skill. You're an expert on China. The elephant in the room of course is China doing need to be careful not to overestimate China's military strength. What about the weaknesses? Exactly right I mean you have to know your enemy's weakness as well as their strengths in the case of China, they are undertaking enormous reforming organization effort. They're pouring billions of dollars into new capabilities, but there's a lot of things we need to recognize I. Mean One is that the Chinese have not fought a shooting war and more than forty years. They are have no. They have zero experience in high end combat against a serious. Adversary, scenario, so that's not to downplay them, but to understand that they've got enormous obstacles to overcome that day. Themselves acknowledge that they themselves. No, they have to overcome, and that's why we had this window that we've been talking about. A fifteen to twenty years. to try and develop capabilities to get in front of the kinds of things that the Chinese want to bring to bear around. Around, twenty thirty or twenty, thirty, five, twenty, forty, paid-up Melissa to be continued. Thanks so much for being on our in. Thank you, tell my pleasure. Thank you, Tom. That was paid jennings. He's executive director of the Australian strategic pulsing suit by skill professor of Asia Pacific Security Studies at Macquarie University and Melissa Commonly Tyler. She's a research fellow at the Asia Institute at the University of Melbourne. These between the lines with Tom Switzer. Coming next, we're going to replay a version of a segment from between the lines. I 'cause commemorating the massacre of Bosnian Muslims at shredded Nitsa on the eleventh of July nodding ninety. Five twenty five years ago this week. More than eight thousand people were killed by Serb forces. It was the worst massacre. Europe had seen since the Holocaust. Serve softening up Trevor Nature for the army's final push into the town. Town of course was supposed to be a safe haven protected by the United Nations, but the civilians ended up being sitting ducks as I woke Larry. Hollingsworth Remembers I. Myself Feel Devastated and ashamed I was there with them? When we told them that it was a safe haven I watched. Many of these people walk in with the minimal possessions into shreds, knowing that it was a safe haven, and now they're fleeing out because we've let them down, let them down to the extent that within dies. About Twenty three thousand women and children were deported, and about eight thousand Muslim men and boys left behind where executed and buried in mass graves. Now, reports from the time described, frightening scenes stiffen overawed from medicines on frontier. Speaking he. Loading some of the children and women into buses, but there's no indication as to where it was buses, going with seen some horrifying streaming, going on women and children going into the buses being taken away from their family This was going on with a lot of crying a lot of panicking. The slaughter had been planned carefully and executed with precision. All the wall Dutch. Pace is literally stood by, and did nothing indeed even when the Serb assault on Srebrenica was imminent. in-command is still rejected Kohl's racetracks. Positions. Pope John Paul. The second declared ribbon Nitsa a defeat for civilization as media reports begins to reveal the scale of the unfolding tragedy. The UN says nine hundred thousand people are still unaccounted for. About some became clear as government soldiers emerging from the forest in central Bosnia, told of horrific massacres at the hands of the Serbs one young. People executing them on spot, but this didn't come out of the blue. By the time this massacre took place the civil war that tore the former Yugoslavia. Repot was heading into its fourth year. More than a million people have been displaced, and the world became familiar with a new term ethnic cleansing. So? Who is to blame for these well? Let's start with the United. Nations from ninety two to ninety, five shrivel Nitsa was the world's first union declared civilian syphon. It was supposed to to her aggression. It was supposed to aggression and set the scene for political negotiations to end hostilities between the Bosnian Serbs, and Muslims, but the UN soldiers in the SIPHONS. They were bedeviled by problems. If you declare an area safe haven in the name of the United Nations. Nations if you tell the people if they are safe in the name of the United Nations you have got to put the troops on the ground, and it's no good for politicians say yes, we go for safe havens, but we're not gonNA put the troops meanwhile the Europeans vacillated and equivocated failing miserably to cope with across at its own back door. America was also reluctant to get involved as then President George Bush senior explained in Nani Nani to. I? Something because I learned something from Vietnam. I am not going to commit US forces until I know what the mission is to the military. Tell me that it can be completed until I know how they can come out. You have ancient rivalries that have cropped up as as Yugoslavia's dissolved or getting dissolved, and it isn't going to be solved by sending in the eighty second airborne, and although on the campaign trail that Ye Bill Clinton pledged to reverse the appeasement of that bushes of Belgrade as President Clinton allowed the Balkans to bleed for three more years. French President Jacques Chirac was moved to declare quote, the position of the leader of the free world vacant. Trinite Sur changed all that having done nothing the before during the mass killings in Rwanda Clinton was galvanized into action, and crucially he cut the United Nations out of the Decision Chine on August thirty Washington led a night bombing campaign against the Serbs the NATO action began early this morning. The harsh light of fires and explosions coloring the night sky. Some people watched the bombardment from their houses, but after more than ten thousand deaths here in the last three years, most Sarajevans had given up any hope of outside intervention. Last night it came on a scale which could yet change the course of this war by the end of not ninety five sixty thousand nine hundred troops, including twenty thousand Americans were on the ground in Bosnia. Pace was declared. The BOEKEN's wars ended only because the US finally acted. He's President Clinton in November ninety five my fellow Americans in this new era there are still times when America and America alone can and should make the difference for peace. The terrible war in Bosnia is such a case nowhere. Today is the need for American leadership. More stark are more immediate than in. In Bosnia in the years since the Mexica Europe inaction was heavily criticised, and the US was held up for its global leadership in particular for its unilateral humanitarian intervention. This is when the US secretary. Of State. Madeleine Albright said America was the indispensable nation, and that idea would fade into the justification of the Iraq invasion in two thousand and three as a war of liberation, but he's a question with the US intervene. If the shrivel Nitsa massacre happened today from the standpoint of twenty twenty, we might ask if the era of US unilateral humanitarian intervention is well and truly over. Well, that's it for this week. Show remember if you'd like to hear the episode again or download segments since two thousand fourteen. Just go to ABC. Dot Net dot US slash aren and follow the prompts to between the lines, or you can listen via the ABC. Listen APP, or wherever you get your podcast. You can even subscribe, so you never miss an episode. I'm Tom Switzer continue next week.
Morning Edition
Turtle embryos may control their sex by moving inside their eggs
"That in many turtles or crocodiles and and quite a few lizards the six that an animal develops into is determined by the temperature that it experiences within the next week shine is a biologist at Macquarie university in Australia he says the first some turtle species exit incubate at lower temperatures produce all males and slightly higher temperatures produce all females this could cause problems because temperatures are rising to to climate change in parts of the world virtually no male sea turtles are hatching because it's too hot for them to develop so populations might have trouble reproducing and therefore surviving but what if turtle embryos could do something that keeps the male female ratio more even perhaps the embryo is of reptiles could move around within the egg because it might be a little bit warmer one end of the exam the other shine worked with Chinese researchers to study the Chinese three killed upon turtle he says it's AG's can have hotter zones and coolers owns the team wondered if an embryo could influence at Saks simply by moving to find the sweet spot to test that theory it they painted some eggs with a chemical so that the embryos couldn't sense heat just have to find it on the HL and you have an embryo inside it's no longer aware of the temperature differences within the egg these embryos didn't move around much and the turtles wound up being nearly all male or all female depending on whether the eggs were warm or cool embryos in eggs that will aren't treated behave very differently there are more active and hatched with a much more even male to female ratio it does seem as if the embryo has a lot more control over its destiny than we ever expected that idea is controversial biologist Boris tease AKC from Florida Atlantic University has a few questions like whether an embryo would have the muscle strength to reposition itself at that point in its development I would like a little bit more about data to be fully convinced I think shine says the team study in the journal current biology took
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
Milky Way Warped and Twisted
"Accurate three dimensional map of Milky Way. Galaxy shows that it's warped and twisted. A report in the journal nature astronomy claims this woop spiral patent is being caused by talk of spinning of the milky way's massive in disk of stars than you observations of based on the positions of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars, which will use to map the milky ways real shape. They found the milky way's disk of stars becomes increasingly warped and twisted. The further away the stars are from the galactic Santa one of the study's authors. Professor Richard de grace from MacQuarie university says people usually think of spiral galaxies as being flat discs. The problem is trying to determine the rue shave avow. Galaxy is bit like standing in the middle of the woods trying to determine the exact size and shape of the hull forest. It's also the touristy difficult to determine distances from the sun to some parts of the milky ways. Gaseous disk without having a clear idea of what the disc actually looks like however of the past fifty years or so the have been some tantalizing hints that hydrogen clouds in the Milky Way could be warped from a great distance. I'll spiral galaxy look like thin disk of stars that obits roughly once every two hundred and fifty million years around the central region where hundreds of billions of stars provide all the gravitational glue native the whole the galaxy together. The Pat from dot matter that is, but it now seems this pull of gravity is far waker in the galaxies fi outta disk there. The hydrogen atoms making up most of the galaxy's gas disk no longer confined to a thin plane. Instead, they give the disk and s like a wolf to peerages coast by the huge man of toll coming from the spinning the milky way's massive in a disc of starves the Katie developing. This new three-dimensional map was recently published catalogue of young variable stars, none is classical Cepheids located in the wool Milky Way. Disc. Data on the east is was provided by Nashes wise wide field. Infrared survey explorer spacecraft the authors rebel, use a thousand three hundred thirty nine of these had variables to help them develop. They Matt and this allowed them that attempt that twisted appearance of the galaxies fire out a ragions classical Cepheids some four to twenty times as massive as the sun and up to one hundred thousand times as bright syfy at variables pulse. I that. He's expanding contract at set rates based on their intrinsic luminosity. And so that can be used the standard candles to measure cosmic distances because strana is no hang trinity luminous syfy variable star is because it's Paul sation. Right. They can determine how far away it must be. It's exactly the same. As looking at a row of straight lights down the road. You know, the vocal at the same brightness for the ones further down the road will appear dim it than the ones near it to you. This allows very accurate distances to determined for the stars with an era. Of only three to five percent. Then you research provides a crucial updated map for studies of the Milky Way, still emotions the origins of the milky way's disc. The grace reminds us that most of the matter in the milky ways dot matter, which is an intrinsic part of a universe. But the grace also points out that not only decide to not have any idea. What dot matter is not even sure exactly where it is. The new research the roszak of the Milky Way could help scientists better determine how dot matter is distributed around the Milky Way galaxy built those role surprised to find that they three dimensional collection of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars and the milky gas disk shared the stars tended to follow each other closely. The grace is that a scullery off his new insights into the formation of the Milky Way. He says perhaps more importantly, you found that in the milky way's outer regions the s like still a disk is warped in a progressively more. Twisted spiral Patton. Astronomers have observed dozens of other galaxies which have shown similar, Pat. Tens degrade says that means the milky way's twists rare. But not unique what we found is that towards the outer regions of anarchy by galaxy galaxy starts to DVI Toma flat bag shack without that was known for longtime in its distribution of gasoline by gossiping hydrogen atoms of which we knew for the last five decades or so in the region. The hydrogen gas would deviate from the plain become higher on bumps on one end and lower on the other end. Now, our study under the results have found fun for the first time that the young stars in the QA Trist by so-called seat variable stars, which are quite massive there for quite young followed that same kind of warped distribution where there is a clear deviation from does flatbed geic shed. But that's not everything also found is that the main direction of this war is not a straight line. But it starts to Marlins chase a spiral structure Espy go further for that. In the sense that this war becomes twisted at greater and greater radio as this. Anything to do at all with the total on stars within the galaxy coast by the galaxy's rotation. Yeah. So our interpretation of this result is not the massive disc of star king up. Most of the milk is rotating around the center of the galaxy. Every tune is sixty two three hundred million years, and it's dragging behind it the outer layers, which are less strongly gravitationally bound to the milky right because I've much further is and so that rotation the warped. Our two disc is slightly lagging behind is there any connection between this this warped structure in the thick and thin disks of the Milky Way is the correlation. And that's a good question. But we haven't actually looked up. Now having said that the dole cough the stars in. By are distributed into thin disc. That's ready to device majority of stars the thick disk is puffed up somewhat and it tends to extend to greater radio. But at much lower numbers of stars than the thinness. The the works distribution of stars would deviate from this thing this in the into the realm of the thickness. So there might be some dynamically. Action. But I would say about the warp itself is originates from the thin. That's probably must less associated with Findus. I don't think this has to do with the spiral structure of the milky QA such because it's quite well known by now death, the the longevity of the spiral arms is due to something called density Reich Swiss stars move around the center of the Milky Way, and they get attracted by the higher density of potato in despite alarm today that move faster towards spiral. I've spent more time there because of gravity and they move out slowly between his firearms that don't spend much time. That's that's the density by feary. I think there's a difficult. That's that's a completely different dynamical process in in this particular case, we believe that we really sees graft national torquing dragging behind of material by the inner massive disc. What do you need to do next for your research? Well, there's a couple of things that we can do first of all we looked at about thirteen hundred or so of the variables that's sizable sample. But it's know. You can always be improved one of the problems with our sample is that all of these stars were located on the near side of the nookie right centers on our side of the center. It would be great if he could get similar quality data on the other side of the QA center. So that we could see whether or not the features out. We have found are symmetrical, and that is more than just an academic exercise. The idea here is if the warts distribution of the seats in the twisting, this symmetrical either side of the Milky Way center, then we truly have a process here that works across the galaxy. Comex have suggested that what we we've seen might have been caused by the info of dwarf galaxy towards the region stuff, I'm Yukio. And if that's stick as you would only expect your side. So that's one thing that we would like to explore another thing, of course, is probably not very well. The European Space Agency is currently operating its guy satellite, which is meant to determine positions and distances to about a billion stars nuclei galaxy the first data released has has come out in the second releases Jew soon, but the full date. Percents will not be released for another three to five years by that time accurate three d map of nuclear galaxy. At hopefully, result will serve as a benchmark to hold those guy results against and I finally the other quite exciting prospects here is that by concentrating distribution of stars in our Milky Way. More a better more carefully before we may have a fighting chance of determining all the doc metro is located and that's still a big open question. That's professor Richard grace from Corean versity in Sydney,
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
Milky Way Warped and Twisted
"Accurate three dimensional map of Milky Way. Galaxy shows that it's warped and twisted. A report in the journal nature astronomy claims this woop spiral patent is being caused by talk of spinning of the milky way's massive in disk of stars than you observations of based on the positions of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars, which will use to map the milky ways real shape. They found the milky way's disk of stars becomes increasingly warped and twisted. The further away the stars are from the galactic Santa one of the study's authors. Professor Richard de grace from MacQuarie university says people usually think of spiral galaxies as being flat discs. The problem is trying to determine the rue shave avow. Galaxy is bit like standing in the middle of the woods trying to determine the exact size and shape of the hull forest. It's also the touristy difficult to determine distances from the sun to some parts of the milky ways. Gaseous disk without having a clear idea of what the disc actually looks like however of the past fifty years or so the have been some tantalizing hints that hydrogen clouds in the Milky Way could be warped from a great distance. I'll spiral galaxy look like thin disk of stars that obits roughly once every two hundred and fifty million years around the central region where hundreds of billions of stars provide all the gravitational glue native the whole the galaxy together. The Pat from dot matter that is, but it now seems this pull of gravity is far waker in the galaxies fi outta disk there. The hydrogen atoms making up most of the galaxy's gas disk no longer confined to a thin plane. Instead, they give the disk and s like a wolf to peerages coast by the huge man of toll coming from the spinning the milky way's massive in a disc of starves the Katie developing. This new three-dimensional map was recently published catalogue of young variable stars, none is classical Cepheids located in the wool Milky Way. Disc. Data on the east is was provided by Nashes wise wide field. Infrared survey explorer spacecraft the authors rebel, use a thousand three hundred thirty nine of these had variables to help them develop. They Matt and this allowed them that attempt that twisted appearance of the galaxies fire out a ragions classical Cepheids some four to twenty times as massive as the sun and up to one hundred thousand times as bright syfy at variables pulse. I that. He's expanding contract at set rates based on their intrinsic luminosity. And so that can be used the standard candles to measure cosmic distances because strana is no hang trinity luminous syfy variable star is because it's Paul sation. Right. They can determine how far away it must be. It's exactly the same. As looking at a row of straight lights down the road. You know, the vocal at the same brightness for the ones further down the road will appear dim it than the ones near it to you. This allows very accurate distances to determined for the stars with an era. Of only three to five percent. Then you research provides a crucial updated map for studies of the Milky Way, still emotions the origins of the milky way's disc. The grace reminds us that most of the matter in the milky ways dot matter, which is an intrinsic part of a universe. But the grace also points out that not only decide to not have any idea. What dot matter is not even sure exactly where it is. The new research the roszak of the Milky Way could help scientists better determine how dot matter is distributed around the Milky Way galaxy built those role surprised to find that they three dimensional collection of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars and the milky gas disk shared the stars tended to follow each other closely. The grace is that a scullery off his new insights into the formation of the Milky Way. He says perhaps more importantly, you found that in the milky way's outer regions the s like still a disk is warped in a progressively more. Twisted spiral Patton. Astronomers have observed dozens of other galaxies which have shown similar, Pat. Tens degrade says that means the milky way's twists rare. But not unique what we found is that towards the outer regions of anarchy by galaxy galaxy starts to DVI Toma flat bag shack without that was known for longtime in its distribution of gasoline by gossiping hydrogen atoms of which we knew for the last five decades or so in the region. The hydrogen gas would deviate from the plain become higher on bumps on one end and lower on the other end. Now, our study under the results have found fun for the first time that the young stars in the QA Trist by so-called seat variable stars, which are quite massive there for quite young followed that same kind of warped distribution where there is a clear deviation from does flatbed geic shed. But that's not everything also found is that the main direction of this war is not a straight line. But it starts to Marlins chase a spiral structure Espy go further for that. In the sense that this war becomes twisted at greater and greater radio as this. Anything to do at all with the total on stars within the galaxy coast by the galaxy's rotation. Yeah. So our interpretation of this result is not the massive disc of star king up. Most of the milk is rotating around the center of the galaxy. Every tune is sixty two three hundred million years, and it's dragging behind it the outer layers, which are less strongly gravitationally bound to the milky right because I've much further is and so that rotation the warped. Our two disc is slightly lagging behind is there any connection between this this warped structure in the thick and thin disks of the Milky Way is the correlation. And that's a good question. But we haven't actually looked up. Now having said that the dole cough the stars in. By are distributed into thin disc. That's ready to device majority of stars the thick disk is puffed up somewhat and it tends to extend to greater radio. But at much lower numbers of stars than the thinness. The the works distribution of stars would deviate from this thing this in the into the realm of the thickness. So there might be some dynamically. Action. But I would say about the warp itself is originates from the thin. That's probably must less associated with Findus. I don't think this has to do with the spiral structure of the milky QA such because it's quite well known by now death, the the longevity of the spiral arms is due to something called density Reich Swiss stars move around the center of the Milky Way, and they get attracted by the higher density of potato in despite alarm today that move faster towards spiral. I've spent more time there because of gravity and they move out slowly between his firearms that don't spend much time. That's that's the density by feary. I think there's a difficult. That's that's a completely different dynamical process in in this particular case, we believe that we really sees graft national torquing dragging behind of material by the inner massive disc. What do you need to do next for your research? Well, there's a couple of things that we can do first of all we looked at about thirteen hundred or so of the variables that's sizable sample. But it's know. You can always be improved one of the problems with our sample is that all of these stars were located on the near side of the nookie right centers on our side of the center. It would be great if he could get similar quality data on the other side of the QA center. So that we could see whether or not the features out. We have found are symmetrical, and that is more than just an academic exercise. The idea here is if the warts distribution of the seats in the twisting, this symmetrical either side of the Milky Way center, then we truly have a process here that works across the galaxy. Comex have suggested that what we we've seen might have been caused by the info of dwarf galaxy towards the region stuff, I'm Yukio. And if that's stick as you would only expect your side. So that's one thing that we would like to explore another thing, of course, is probably not very well. The European Space Agency is currently operating its guy satellite, which is meant to determine positions and distances to about a billion stars nuclei galaxy the first data released has has come out in the second releases Jew soon, but the full date. Percents will not be released for another three to five years by that time accurate three d map of nuclear galaxy. At hopefully, result will serve as a benchmark to hold those guy results against and I finally the other quite exciting prospects here is that by concentrating distribution of stars in our Milky Way. More a better more carefully before we may have a fighting chance of determining all the doc metro is located and that's still a big open question. That's professor Richard grace from Corean versity in Sydney,
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
Milky Way Warped and Twisted
"Accurate three dimensional map of Milky Way. Galaxy shows that it's warped and twisted. A report in the journal nature astronomy claims this woop spiral patent is being caused by talk of spinning of the milky way's massive in disk of stars than you observations of based on the positions of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars, which will use to map the milky ways real shape. They found the milky way's disk of stars becomes increasingly warped and twisted. The further away the stars are from the galactic Santa one of the study's authors. Professor Richard de grace from MacQuarie university says people usually think of spiral galaxies as being flat discs. The problem is trying to determine the rue shave avow. Galaxy is bit like standing in the middle of the woods trying to determine the exact size and shape of the hull forest. It's also the touristy difficult to determine distances from the sun to some parts of the milky ways. Gaseous disk without having a clear idea of what the disc actually looks like however of the past fifty years or so the have been some tantalizing hints that hydrogen clouds in the Milky Way could be warped from a great distance. I'll spiral galaxy look like thin disk of stars that obits roughly once every two hundred and fifty million years around the central region where hundreds of billions of stars provide all the gravitational glue native the whole the galaxy together. The Pat from dot matter that is, but it now seems this pull of gravity is far waker in the galaxies fi outta disk there. The hydrogen atoms making up most of the galaxy's gas disk no longer confined to a thin plane. Instead, they give the disk and s like a wolf to peerages coast by the huge man of toll coming from the spinning the milky way's massive in a disc of starves the Katie developing. This new three-dimensional map was recently published catalogue of young variable stars, none is classical Cepheids located in the wool Milky Way. Disc. Data on the east is was provided by Nashes wise wide field. Infrared survey explorer spacecraft the authors rebel, use a thousand three hundred thirty nine of these had variables to help them develop. They Matt and this allowed them that attempt that twisted appearance of the galaxies fire out a ragions classical Cepheids some four to twenty times as massive as the sun and up to one hundred thousand times as bright syfy at variables pulse. I that. He's expanding contract at set rates based on their intrinsic luminosity. And so that can be used the standard candles to measure cosmic distances because strana is no hang trinity luminous syfy variable star is because it's Paul sation. Right. They can determine how far away it must be. It's exactly the same. As looking at a row of straight lights down the road. You know, the vocal at the same brightness for the ones further down the road will appear dim it than the ones near it to you. This allows very accurate distances to determined for the stars with an era. Of only three to five percent. Then you research provides a crucial updated map for studies of the Milky Way, still emotions the origins of the milky way's disc. The grace reminds us that most of the matter in the milky ways dot matter, which is an intrinsic part of a universe. But the grace also points out that not only decide to not have any idea. What dot matter is not even sure exactly where it is. The new research the roszak of the Milky Way could help scientists better determine how dot matter is distributed around the Milky Way galaxy built those role surprised to find that they three dimensional collection of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars and the milky gas disk shared the stars tended to follow each other closely. The grace is that a scullery off his new insights into the formation of the Milky Way. He says perhaps more importantly, you found that in the milky way's outer regions the s like still a disk is warped in a progressively more. Twisted spiral Patton. Astronomers have observed dozens of other galaxies which have shown similar, Pat. Tens degrade says that means the milky way's twists rare. But not unique what we found is that towards the outer regions of anarchy by galaxy galaxy starts to DVI Toma flat bag shack without that was known for longtime in its distribution of gasoline by gossiping hydrogen atoms of which we knew for the last five decades or so in the region. The hydrogen gas would deviate from the plain become higher on bumps on one end and lower on the other end. Now, our study under the results have found fun for the first time that the young stars in the QA Trist by so-called seat variable stars, which are quite massive there for quite young followed that same kind of warped distribution where there is a clear deviation from does flatbed geic shed. But that's not everything also found is that the main direction of this war is not a straight line. But it starts to Marlins chase a spiral structure Espy go further for that. In the sense that this war becomes twisted at greater and greater radio as this. Anything to do at all with the total on stars within the galaxy coast by the galaxy's rotation. Yeah. So our interpretation of this result is not the massive disc of star king up. Most of the milk is rotating around the center of the galaxy. Every tune is sixty two three hundred million years, and it's dragging behind it the outer layers, which are less strongly gravitationally bound to the milky right because I've much further is and so that rotation the warped. Our two disc is slightly lagging behind is there any connection between this this warped structure in the thick and thin disks of the Milky Way is the correlation. And that's a good question. But we haven't actually looked up. Now having said that the dole cough the stars in. By are distributed into thin disc. That's ready to device majority of stars the thick disk is puffed up somewhat and it tends to extend to greater radio. But at much lower numbers of stars than the thinness. The the works distribution of stars would deviate from this thing this in the into the realm of the thickness. So there might be some dynamically. Action. But I would say about the warp itself is originates from the thin. That's probably must less associated with Findus. I don't think this has to do with the spiral structure of the milky QA such because it's quite well known by now death, the the longevity of the spiral arms is due to something called density Reich Swiss stars move around the center of the Milky Way, and they get attracted by the higher density of potato in despite alarm today that move faster towards spiral. I've spent more time there because of gravity and they move out slowly between his firearms that don't spend much time. That's that's the density by feary. I think there's a difficult. That's that's a completely different dynamical process in in this particular case, we believe that we really sees graft national torquing dragging behind of material by the inner massive disc. What do you need to do next for your research? Well, there's a couple of things that we can do first of all we looked at about thirteen hundred or so of the variables that's sizable sample. But it's know. You can always be improved one of the problems with our sample is that all of these stars were located on the near side of the nookie right centers on our side of the center. It would be great if he could get similar quality data on the other side of the QA center. So that we could see whether or not the features out. We have found are symmetrical, and that is more than just an academic exercise. The idea here is if the warts distribution of the seats in the twisting, this symmetrical either side of the Milky Way center, then we truly have a process here that works across the galaxy. Comex have suggested that what we we've seen might have been caused by the info of dwarf galaxy towards the region stuff, I'm Yukio. And if that's stick as you would only expect your side. So that's one thing that we would like to explore another thing, of course, is probably not very well. The European Space Agency is currently operating its guy satellite, which is meant to determine positions and distances to about a billion stars nuclei galaxy the first data released has has come out in the second releases Jew soon, but the full date. Percents will not be released for another three to five years by that time accurate three d map of nuclear galaxy. At hopefully, result will serve as a benchmark to hold those guy results against and I finally the other quite exciting prospects here is that by concentrating distribution of stars in our Milky Way. More a better more carefully before we may have a fighting chance of determining all the doc metro is located and that's still a big open question. That's professor Richard grace from Corean versity in Sydney,