28 Burst results for "Isaac Newton"
The Charlie Kirk Show
The Heritage of Modern Science Came From Bible-Believing Christians
"Christians must understand the heritage of modern science came from Bible believing Christians, but it changed. I'm going to tell you how it changed. Sir Sir Francis Bacon invented the scientific method. Sir Isaac Newton wrote more about biblical prophecy in Isaiah than he did even about physics. So this idea of the inquiry into the natural world is a very uniquely Christian idea because if you believe that there is a logos, a cosmological harmony to our existence, then therefore the universe is worth exploring and understanding. Those words are very important. Remember them, exploring and understanding. Something changed the 1800s with a hegelians and the German historicist, where they decided to go completely different direction. They said, we do not desire to know about nature. We desire to remake and dominate nature. That is completely different, right? That it's not as if we want to try to understand why is it that where does wind come from or why are temperatures increase or decrease or germ theory or how could we possibly create better resistance to viruses or antibiotics? No, no, no, instead they said we want to remake the creation in our image.
Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"isaac newton" Discussed on Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"Okay let me ask you again for a friend about This alchemy thing. You know it'd be nice to create gold but also seems to Come into play quite a bit. Throughout the history of science at perhaps in positive ways in terms of its impact. Can you say something to the history of alchemy a little bit and its impact. Sure it used to be thought two things. One that alchemy which dates certainly back to the islamic period in islam You're talking on eleventh twelfth. Thirteenth centuries among islamic natural philosophers and experimenters albums used to be thought that All me which picked up strikingly in the fifteenth sixteenth century. Fifteen hundreds in thereabouts was a sort of mystical procedure involving all sorts of strange notions. And so on and that's not entirely untrue but it is substantially on true in that all commenced were engaged in what was known as chris. Oh poi- yeah that is looking for ways to transform In valuable materials into valuable ones but in the process of doing so or attempting to do so they learned how to create complex amalgams of various kinds. They used very elaborate apparatus glass olympics in which they would use heat to produce chemical compositions. They would write down and observe these. Compositions and many of the so-called really strange looking out chemical formulas in statements. Where they'll say something. Like i can't produce it. But it'd be the sole of mars will come by with the this the etcetera etcetera. These it has been shown are almost all actual formula for how to engage in the production of complex amalgams And what to do. And by the time of newton newton was reading the works of a fellow by the name of starkey was actually came from harvard Shortly before in which things have progressed if you will to the point where the procedure turns into what historian co chris. Oh poi- which basically runs into the notion of thinking that made these things are made out of particles. This is the mechanical loss affi. Can we engage in proceess chemical processes to rearrange these things which is not so stupid after all. I mean we do it except we happened to do it. In reactors not in chemical processes. Unless of course it had happened that cold fusion had worked which didn't my right but So that's the way they're thinking about these things. There's a kind of mix and newton engages extensively in those sorts of manipulations in fact more in that than almost anything else except for his optical investigations. If you look through the latter parts of the sixteen seventies the last five six seven years or so of that is more on that than there is on anything else. He's not working on mechanics. he's pretty much gone. Pretty far and optics. He'll turn back to optics later on so optics and alchemy. So will you're saying is isaac. Newton liked shiny things. Well actually if you go online and look at what. Bill newman. The professor indiana at bloomington indiana has produced. You'll find the very shiny thing. Called the star regulus which newton describes as having produced according to a particular way which newman figured out and was able to do it. And it's very shiny there. You go proves that their gasquet ball god religion and its role in unions life. Was there.
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"That rely heavily on statistics. Okay let me ask you again for a friend about This alchemy thing. You know it'd be nice to create gold but also seems to Come into play quite a bit. Throughout the history of science at perhaps in positive ways in terms of its impact. Can you say something to the history of alchemy a little bit and its impact. Sure it used to be thought two things. One that alchemy which dates certainly back to the islamic period in islam You're talking on eleventh twelfth. Thirteenth centuries among islamic natural philosophers and experimenters albums used to be thought that All me which picked up strikingly in the fifteenth sixteenth century. Fifteen hundreds in thereabouts Was a sort of mystical procedure involving all sorts of strange notions and so on and that's not entirely untrue. But it is substantially on true in that all commenced were engaged in what was known as chris. Oh poi- yeah that is looking for ways to transform Invaluable materials into valuable ones but in the process of doing so or attempting to do so. They learned how to create complex amalgams of various kinds. They used very elaborate apparatus glass olympics in which they would use heat to produce chemical compositions. They would write down and observe these. Compositions and many of the so-called really strange looking out chemical formulas in statements where they'll say something like i can't produce it but it'll be the sole of mars will come by with the this etc cetera. These it has been shown are almost all actual formula for how to engage in the production of complex amalgams And what to do. And by the time of newton newton was reading the works of a fellow by the name of starkey was actually came from harvard Shortly before in which things have progressed if you will to the point where the procedure turns into what historian co chris. Oh poi- which basically runs into the notion of thinking that made these things are made out of particles. This is the mechanical loss affi. Can we engage in proceess chemical processes to rearrange these things which is not so stupid after all. I mean we do it except we happened to do it. In reactors not in chemical processes. Unless of course it had happened that cold fusion had worked which didn't my right but So that's the way they're thinking about these things. There's a kind of mix and newton engages extensively in those sorts of manipulations in fact more in that than almost anything else except for his optical investigations. If you look through the latter parts of the sixteen seventies the last five six seven years or so of that is more on that than there is on anything else. He's not working on mechanics. he's pretty much gone. Pretty far and optics. He'll turn back to optics later on so optics and alchemy. So will you're saying is isaac. Newton liked shiny things. Well actually if you go online and look at what. Bill newman. The professor indiana at bloomington indiana has produced. You'll find the very shiny thing. Called the star regulus which newton describes as having produced according to a particular way which newman figured out and was able to do it. And it's very shiny there. You go proves that their gasquet ball god religion and its role in unions life. Was there.
Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"isaac newton" Discussed on Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"Is there something you could say. Broadly about either that work on optics supreme. Kp itself as a something that. I've never actually looked at as a piece of work. Is it powerful in itself or is it just an important moment in history in terms of the amount of inventions within the amount of ideas that within or is it a really powerful working itself. Well it is a powerful work in itself you can see this This guy coming to grips with and pushing through and working his way around complicated and difficult issues melding Experimental situations which nobody had worked with before even discovering new things trying to figure out ways of putting this together with mathematical structures succeeding and failing at the same time and we can see him doing that. I mean what is what is contained within principia. I don't even know in terms of the scope pro all right. Is it the entirety of the body of work of a new. No no no the principia mathematica as you countless. Well he alright so. The principia is divided into three books. Excellent book one contained his version of the laws of motion and the application of those laws to figure out when a body moves in certain curves and is forced move in those curves by forces directed to certain fixed points. What is the nature of the mathematical formula for those forces. That's all that book. One is about and it contained not the kind of version of the calculus that uses algebra of the sort that i was trying to explain before but is done in terms of Ratios between geometric line segments. When one of the line segment goes very very small. It's called the kind of limiting procedure which is calculus. But it's a geometrically structured although. It's clearly got algebraic elements in it as well and that makes the print hippias mathematical structure rather hard for people. Who aren't studying it today to Go back to book. Two contains his Work on what we now call hydrostatics and a little..
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"That stephen hawking help He died and we know that the rooms that he had there at cambridge Subsequently goes rooms are still there. He built hall chemical furnace outside all sorts of in those rooms. And don't forget you didn't have to do too much as luke. Azn professor every so often you had to give these lectures whether anybody was there or not and deposit the notes You know for the future which is how we have all those things although there were stored in and was not have them and now we know just how terrible teaching union was again. But we know how brilliant these note in fact the second volume of newton's The notes really on the great book. He published the optics which he published in seventeen. O four that has just been a finished with full annotation and analysis by the greatest analyst of newton's optics alan shapiro who are retired a few years ago at the university of minnesota and been working on newton's optics ever since i knew him and before and i've known him since one thousand nine hundred seventy six. Is there something you could say. Broadly about either that work on optics supreme. Kp itself as a something that. I've never actually looked at as a piece of work. Is it powerful in itself or is it just an important moment in history in terms of the amount of inventions within the amount of ideas that within or is it a really powerful working itself. Well it is a powerful work in itself you can see this This guy coming to grips with and pushing through and working his way around complicated and difficult issues melding Experimental situations which nobody had worked with before even discovering new things trying to figure out ways of putting this together with mathematical structures succeeding and failing at the same time and we can see him doing that. I mean what is what is contained within principia. Don't even know in terms of the scope pro right. Is it the entirety of the body of work of a new. No no no the principia mathematica as you countless. Well he alright so. The principia is divided into three books. Excellent book one contained his version of the laws of motion and the application of those laws to figure out when a body moves in certain curves and is forced move in those curves by forces directed to certain fixed points. What is the nature of the mathematical formula for those forces. That's all that book. One is about and it contained not the kind of version of the calculus that uses algebra of the sort that i was trying to explain before but is done in terms of Ratios between geometric line segments. When one of the line segment goes very very small. It's called the kind of limiting procedure which is calculus. But it's a geometrically structured although. It's clearly got algebraic elements in it as well and that makes the print hippias mathematical structure rather hard for people. Who aren't studying it today to Go back to book..
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"He had acquaintances and friend and when he moved to london eventually he had quite a career a career for instance that led him when he was famous by then sixteen ninety s he moves to london. He becomes i Warden of the mint. The mint is what produces coins and coinage was a complicated thing because there was counterfeiting going on and he becomes master of the mint to the extent and a guy at mit wrote a book about this a little bit. We wrote something on it too. I forget his name was levin That newton sent investigators out to catch these guys and sent at least one of them famous one name challenger to the gallows so he was he and and one of the reasons he probably was so particularly angry at challenor was challenor had apparently said some nasty things about newton in front of parliament at some point fair enough was apparently not a good idea for. He had a bit of a temper. And you had a bit of a clearly okay clearly but he He even as a young man at Cambridge though he doesn't come from wealth he attracts people who recognize his smarts He there's a young fellow named humphrey newton Shared his rooms. You know these students always shared rooms with one another Became his kind of emmanuel enters to Write down what newton was doing and and so on and there were others over time Who he befriended in various ways and so on he was solitary As far as we know no relationships with either women or men in anything other than a formal way The only those get in the way relationships right. Well i mean he was he he was. I don't know if he was close to his mother. I mean she passed away. everything left. emi went to be with her after she died he was close to his niece. Catherine barton who basically came to run his household When he moved to london and so on and she married a man named conduit who became one of the people who controlled newton's legacy later on it so on so he and and you can even see the house that the townhouse the newton lived in in those days still there. So there's the the story of newton coming up with quite a few ideas During a pandemic were on the outskirts of epidemic ourselves right and a lot of us that example as motivation for everybody while they're in lockdown to get stuff done so was that a balking. Tell the story of that. Well i can't let me first say that Course we've been teaching over zoom or your lately and there's no zoom beckmann out. There was no impact although it wouldn't have made much difference because the story was newton was so complicated in his lectures that at one point dom pre newton actually said that he might as well have just been lecturing to the walls because nobody was there to listen to it. So what difference but also not a great teacher I if look at his optical note if that's what he's reading from okay so what What can you say about that. Whole journey through dependent that The result and so much innovation of amount of time. Well i mean. There's two times that he goes home Would he have been able to do it and do do it if he'd stayed cambridge. I think you would have. I don't think it really Although i do like to tell my advance students when electron the history of physics the physics and chemistry students..
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"Eighteen fifteen. Napoleon finished waterloo. I a young frenchman by the name of august for now was in the army his going back to his home. On the north coast of france enormity passes through paris arrigo is friends with for nels uncle Who's the head of the cold dubose are at the time anyway for now is already interested in certain things in light new talks to arrigo arrogant tells them a few things for nell goes home for now is a brilliant experimental. He observes things and he's a very good mathematician calculates things. He writes something up he sent to our ago. Arrigo looks at it and arrigo says to himself. I can use this. To get back at beale. He brings for nell to paris. Set him up in a room at the observatory where arrigo go for fornell to continue his work. Paper after paper comes out undercutting everything be o. Had done what is it about jealousy and just envy that could be an engine of creativity and productivity versus. I can einstein where it seems like not. I don't know which one is better. I guess it depends on the personality. Both a useful engines and science. Well in this particular story it's Maybe even more interesting because fornell himself the young guy he knew would arrigo was doing with him and he didn't like it he didn't wanna get with. He wrote his brother. Said i you know. I don't wanna get an argument would be just want do my stuff. Yeah arrigo is using him. But it's because our ago kept pushing him to go into certain areas that stuff kept coming out Egos beautiful okay but back to New disappointed things on ask but sort of. Let's say since we're on the lights and the the topic of drama. Let me ask another drama question. Why was newton a complicated man. Ricky news today. This is like f right complicated. His brain structure was different. I don't know why he had a complicated young life. As we've said he had always been Very self contained in solitary..
Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"isaac newton" Discussed on Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"Of newton because he didn't publish this thing. Although i he became quite well known as quite brilliant young man in part because people heard about his work and so on a when another young man by the name of godfrey live nets visited london and he heard about these things i it is said that he independently develops His form of the calculus which is actually the form we use today both in notation and perhaps in certain fundamental ways of thinking it has remained a controversial point as to where exactly and how much independently leibnitz did it live. Knits aficionados think and continue to maintain. He did it completely independently newton when he became president of the royal society. Put together a group to go on the attack saying no. He butts taken everything. We don't know But i will tell you this about Twenty five or so years ago a scholar. Who's a professor at indiana. Now name domenico melli got his hands on a live. Knits manuscript called the ten taman which was leibnitz his attempt to produce an alternative to newton's mechanics and it comes to some conclusions that you have in the newton's mechanics will he published that but meli got the manuscript and would meli found out was that leibnitz reverse engineered the principia and cooked it backwards so that he could get the results he wanted. Now's for the mechanics. So that means his mind allows for that kind of thing some people. They're breaking so today. You're starting suddenly romo. Some people think so. I think most historians of mathematics do not agree with that A friend of mine rather well known. Physicists unfortunately died a couple of years ago and they might now enberg at uc. Santa cruz had some evidence along. Those lines didn't pass muster with many of my friends who are historians of math. In fact i added with a historian of maffei technical journal and we were unable to publish it in there because we couldn't get it through any of our colleagues But i am i remain. What is it about those tense relationships and that kind of drama. Einstein doesn't appear to have much of that drama. Nobody claimed. I haven't heard claims that they've grabs because such crazy ideas of any of his major Inventions major ideas being those. That are Basically i came up with i or independently. There's not as far as worn that many people talking about general relativity especially in those terms but with newton. That was the case i mean. Is that just a natural outgrowth of how science works is there's going to be personalities that i'm not saying about lines but maybe i am that there's people who steal ideas for the.
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"Of newton because he didn't publish this thing. Although i he became quite well known as quite brilliant young man in part because people heard about his work and so on a when another young man by the name of godfrey live nets visited london and he heard about these things i it is said that he independently develops His form the calculus which is actually the form we use today both in notation and perhaps in certain fundamental ways of thinking it has remained a controversial point as to where exactly and how much independently leibnitz did. It live knits aficionados think and continue to maintain. He did it completely independently newton when he became president of the royal society. Put together a group to go on the attack saying no. He butts taken everything. We don't know But i will tell you this about Twenty five or so years ago a scholar. Who's a professor at indiana. Now name domenico melli got his hands on a live. Knits manuscript called the ten taman which was leibnitz his attempt to produce an alternative to newton's mechanics and it comes to some conclusions that you have in the newton's mechanics will he published that but meli got the manuscript and would meli found out was that leibnitz reverse engineered the principia and cooked it backwards so that he could get the results he wanted. Now's the mechanics. So that means his mind allows for that kind of thing some people. They're breaking so today. You're starting suddenly romo. Some people think so. I think most historians of mathematics do not agree with that A friend of mine rather well known. Physicists unfortunately died a couple of years ago and they might now enberg at uc. Santa cruz had some evidence along. Those lines didn't pass muster with many of my friends who are historians of math. In fact i added with a historian of maffei technical journal and we were unable to publish it in there because we couldn't get it through any of our colleagues But i am i remain. What is it about those tense relationships and that kind of drama. Einstein doesn't appear to have much of that drama. Nobody claimed. I haven't heard claims that they've grabs because such crazy ideas of any of his major Inventions major ideas being those. That are Basically i came up with i or independently. There's not as far as worn that many people talking about general relativity especially in those terms but with newton. That was the case i mean. Is that just a natural outgrowth of how science works is there's going to be personalities that i'm not saying about lines but maybe i am that there's people who steal ideas for the.
Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"isaac newton" Discussed on Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"Probably not thinking terribly deeply about it based on what he said along with others like the architect and mathematician. Christopher ran a hearken back to the notion that well maybe there is a kind of magnetic relationship between the moon and maybe the planets and the earth and gravity and so on vague but establishing a direct connection somehow. However it's happening forget about it. Newton wouldn't have cared about that if that's all they said but it was when hooked mentioned this different way of thinking about the motion away. He could certainly have thought of because it does not contradict anything. Newton is a brilliant mathematician. And he could see that you could suddenly start to do things with that that you otherwise. Wouldn't this lead eventually to another controversy with hook in which hook said well after newton published great print. I gave him how to do this. And then newton of course got ticked off about that and said well listen to this. I did everything. And because he had a pick a little idea he thinks he can take credit for it. Okay so his ability to play with his ideas mathematically what solidified initially tuition that you could have was the first time he was born the idea the action at a distance the you can have forces without contact which another revolutionary idea. I would say that in the sense of dealing with the mechanics of force like effect considered to act at some distance. It is novel With both hook and newton a at the time the notion that two things might interacted a distance with one. Another without direct contact that goes back to antiquity. Only there it would thought of. Morris is sympathetic reaction you know to a magnet and a piece of iron. They have a kind of mutual sympathy for one. Another like Like what love. What are we talking about. Actually they do sometimes talk like that. That his love the mets. I see now i talk like that all the time i think love is somehow in consciousness center forces a physics that yet to be discovered. Okay now there's the the other side of things which is calculus. The begin to to talk about the newton brought a lot of things to this world. One of them's calculus..
Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"isaac newton" Discussed on Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"At all. Because reverend smith took his mother away to live with him a few miles away leaving newton to be brought up more or less by his grandmother over there and had huge resentment about that his whole life. I think that gives you a little inkling that a little bit of trauma in childhood. Maybe complicated father son relationship can be useful To create a good scientist could be although this case it would be right. The absent father non father relationships speech. He was known as a kid. Little that we do know for Being very clever about flying kites and their stories about him putting candles and putting flying kites and scaring the living devil out of people at night by doing that. And things like that making things most of the physicists and natural philosophers i've dealt with actually As children were very fond of making and playing with things. I can't think of one i know of. Who wasn't actually that very good with their hands and whatnot He was His mother wanted him to take over the manner. It was a kind of farming manner. They were the class of what are known. As yeoman's there are stories that he wasn't very good at that one day one of the stories is he's sitting out in the field and the cows come home without him and he doesn't know what's gone at anyway at relatives and He manages to get to cambridge sent to cambridge. Because he's known to be smart. He's read books that he got from local dignitaries and some relatives and he goes. There is what's known as a sub size. What does that mean well. It's not too pleasant. Basically a subsidiser was a student who had to clean the bedpans of the richer. Kids go right. That didn't last too long. He makes his way And he becomes absorbed in some of the new ways of thinking that are being talked about on the parts of descartes and others as well. There's also the traditional curriculum which he follows and we have his notes. We have his Student notebooks and so on we can see..
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"Never mind the colors for a moment. Makes a splash of light there. He was very smart first of all he abstract from the colors themselves. Even though that's what everybody's paying attention to initially because what he knows is this he knows that if you take this prison and you turn it to a certain particular ango that he knew what should be because he could calculate. Things went very few other people in europe at the time could calculate things like he could that if you turn the prison to that particular angle then the sun which is of course a circle when it's light passes through this little hole and then into the prison on the far distant wall should still make a circle but it doesn't it makes a very long image okay and this led him to a very different conception of light indicating that there are different types of light in the sunlight now to go beyond that. What's particularly interesting. I think is the following when he published This paper which got him into a controversy. He really didn't describe it all what he did. He just gave you some numbers now. I just told you that you had to set this prisonment. Certain angle right. You would think because we do have his notes and so on You would think that. He took some kind of complicated measuring device to set the prison. He didn't he held it in his hand. That's all any twitter. did around. And what was he doing. It turns out that when you twiddled prison around at the point where you should get a circle from a circle it also is the place where the image doesn't move very fast so if you wanna get close to there you just twiddle it. This is manipulative experimentation taking advantage through his mathematical knowledge of the inherent inaccuracies. That label let you come to exact conclusions regardless of the built in problematic of measurement. He's the only one. I know of doing anything like that at the time. Yeah while even still. There's very few people that are able to have to calculate as well as he did to be a theoretician and an experimentalist like insane. moment it. it's true all The really the well into the twentieth century maybe. The beginning of the twentieth century really Most of the most our significant experimental results produced in the eighteen hundreds which laid the foundations for.
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"I'm a materialist in the deepest sense of the term. I don't think there is anything out there except material structures which interact in various ways. Do i think for example that this bottle of water is conscious. No i do not although howard. I know i can't talk to it. Yeah but so. What do is a hypothesis. Yeah is an opinion and educated opinion. They may be very wrong well. I know that you're conscious because i can interact directly with you. But am i well. Unless you're a figment in my machination of course or a robot that's able to generate the illusion The the losing of cautiousness effectively enough to facilitate a conversation. 'cause we humans do want to pretend that we're talking to the conscious beings because that's highly respect them. It's not conscious. We don't respect them. We're not good at talking. Robots addison true. Of course we generalize from our own inner sense which is the kind of thing descartes said from the beginning at we generalize from that but i do think that consciousness must be something whatever it is that occurs as result of some particular organizational structure of Material elements does materialism mean. That's all within within the reach of science. My sense would be that. Especially as a neuro science progresses more and more and at caltech we just built a home neuroscience arena and so on and as more knowledge is gained about the ways in which animals when they behave what patterns show up at various parts of the brain and nervous system and perhaps extending it to humans. Eventually as well. We'll get more of a handle on what brain activity is associated with Experiences that we have as humans. Can we move from the brain activity to the experiences in terms of our person. No you can't. Perception is perception that the hypothesis. Once again maybe maybe the maybe consciousness is just one of the laws of physics yet to be discovered. Maybe permeates all matter..
Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"isaac newton" Discussed on Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"We assume and have assumed for a long time. Come back to win in a moment. That if i take a little device which is really complicated. Lee made at all kinds of things. And i put a piece of some material in it and i- monkey around with it and do all kinds of unnatural things to it. That wouldn't happen naturally. And i find out how it behaves and whatnot and then i try and make an argument about how that really applies even in the natural world without any artificial structures and so on. That's not a belief that was widely held up by pretty much. Anyone until sometime may be in the fifteen hundred and when it was first held it was held by people. We now call alchemist. So all was the first the early days as a theory of everything of a dream of a theory of everything. I would put it a little differently. I think it's more along the way a dream that by probing nature in artificial leak constructed ways we can find out what's going on deep down there so that was that's distinct from signs being an observing thing. Will you observe nature and you study nature. You're talking about probing like messing with nature to understand it. Indeed i am but that of course is the very essence of experimental science You have to Have manipulate nature to find out things about it. And then you have to convince others that you haven't so manipulated it that what you've done is to produce what amounts to fake artifacts actual behavior. That doesn't really hold purely naturally. So where are we today in your sense to jump around a little bit with the theory of everything cake. Maybe a quick kind of Sense you have about the journey in the world of physics. We're taking towards the theory of everything. Well time of course not a practicing physicist. I mean i was trained in physics at princeton a long time ago until thomas. Kuhn's stole you away. More-or-less i was taking graduate courses in those days in general relativity. I was an undergraduate but and moved up. And then i took a course with him. And will you made the mistake of Being compelled by charismatic philosophers and never looked back. I suppose so in a way and A from what. I understand talking especially to my friends at caltech Like kip thorne and others. the the fundamental notion is that actually the laws that even at the deepest level weekend sort of divine and work with in the universe that we inhabit are perhaps quite unique to this particular universe as it formed at the big bang..
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"You remove newton from the picture if you remove go live from the picture then science would does almost feel like it would have stopped there or at the very least. There's a feeling like you would take much longer to develop the things that were developed. Is that a city way to look at the his trust entirely incorrect. I suppose I find it difficult to believe that. Had galileo not existed that eventually someone like hogan's for instance given the context of the time what was floating around in the belief structure concerning the nature of the world and so on the developments in mathematics and whatnot. That sooner or later whether it would have been exactly the same or not. I cannot say but would things have evolved. Yes if we look at the long arc of history of science from foam Back when we were in the caves trying to knock two rocks together or maybe make a basic tool to a long time from now. Many centuries from now when humanization finally destroys itself if you look at the history and imagine you're historian at the end like would the fire the apocalypse coming upon us. And you look back at this time. In the twenty first century how far along are we on that arc de do sense have we invented and discovered everything has to be discovered. Are we like below one percent. Well you're going to get a lot of absurd question that i pause it salubrious picture. You're painting there. I don't even know what the word endo reminded that i love it. Ghebranious well Let me try and separate the question of whether we're all going to die in an apocalypse in several hundred years or not From the question of where sites may be sitting. take this consumption. I find that hard to say. And i find it hard to say because in the deepest sense of the term as it's usually deployed by philosophers of science today. I'm not fundamentally a realist. That is to say..
Lex Fridman Podcast
"isaac newton" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"They can much more complex than that. In terms of neatness. How much science progresses by individual loan geniuses and how much by the messy collaboration of competing and cooperating humans. I don't think you can cut that with a knife to say it's this percent in that percent it's almost always the case that there are one or two or maybe three individuals who are sort of central to what goes on when things begin to shift are they inevitably end solely responsible for what then begins to happen In a major way i think not It depends you can go very far back with us even into antiquity to see what goes on. the locus the major locus. We always talk about from the beginning is if you're talking about galileo's work on motion for example Were there ways of accommodating it that others could adapt to without buying into the whole scheme. Yes Did it eventually evolve and start convincing people because you could also do other things with it that you couldn't otherwise do also yes. Let me give you an example. The great french mathematician philosopher descartes who Was a mechanical philosophy believed. The world was matter and motion. He never thought much of what galileo had done in emotion because he thought well at best at some sort of approximative scheme or something like that but one of his initial I wouldn't call him a disciple but follower who then broke with him and number of ways was a man named christian hogan's who was along with newton one of the two greatest scientists of the seventeenth century oregon's is older than newton and horgan's nicely deployed gallon relationships in respect to motion to develop all sorts of things including the first pendulum governed clock and even figured out how to build one which is keeps perfect. Time sept- it didn't work but he had the mathematical structure for it. How well known as foregin very well-known. Should i be. Should i know him. Well yes you should interesting definitely knowing we can. We define should here okay. Because i don't right and so Suzanne should like a Yeah can you define should should this. If you had taken up to a second year physics courses you should. You would have heard his name. Because one of the fundamental principles and optics is called hogan's principle. Okay the i. So i have a have heard his name there. You go no. But i don't remember don't remember. So there's there's a very different thing between names attached to principles and laws and so on the you sometimes let go of you. Just remember the equations of the principles themselves and the personalities of science and there's certain personalities certain human beings as standout and that's why there is a sense to which the loan inventors alone scientists is. The way i personally i think a lot of people think about the history of science. Is these loan geniuses without them..
Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"isaac newton" Discussed on Artificial Intelligence (AI Podcast) with Lex Fridman
"Had cooked up something about it that no mathematical structure could be applied Thomas young i but really. This guy named augustan for now in france deployed an for. Now's case rather advanced calculus forms of mathematics which enabled computations to be done and observations to be melded with these computations. In a way that you could not do or see how to do with newton. Did that mean that the newtonian explanation of what goes on in died fraction. Fails not really you. Can you can actually make it work. But you can't generate anything new out of it. Whereas using the mathematics of wave optics in respect to a particular phenomenon called polarization. Which ironically was discovered by partisans of newton's way of doing things he were able to generate devices which reflect light in crystals do various things that the newtonian way could accommodate. Only after the fact they couldn't generated from the beginning. And so if you want to be Somebody who is working a novel vein which increasingly becomes the case with People who become what we now call physicists. In the eighteen twenties thirties and forties in particular. Then that's the direction you're going to go but there were holdouts until the eighteen fifties. I want to try to elaborate on the nature of the disagreement. You have with thomas kuhn so do you still believe in paradigm shifts. Do you still see that. There is ideas that really have a transformational effect on science. You just the nature of the disagreement has to do with how those paradigm shifts to be how they come to be in how they change. I certainly think they exist. How strong they may be at any given. Time is maybe not quite as powerful as tom thought. In general although towards the end of his life he was beginning to develop a different Modifications of his original way of thinking But i don't think that the changes happened quite so neatly if you will in reaction to novel experimental observations..
AP News Radio
Christie's to Sell Isaac Newton's Notes for Greatest Work in London
"Hi Mike Rossi a reporting Christie's will auction Isaac Newton's notes for his greatest work next month Christie's has announced hand written notes containing Isaac Newton's jotted revisions to his master work the Principia will go up for auction July eighth in London Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy published in sixteen eighty seven set up the laws of gravitation and motion Christie's expects the revisions to sell for between eight hundred fifty thousand dollars and one point three million dollars the first edition of the book sold at auction for three point seven million dollars in twenty sixteen the page and a half of notes for a planned second edition includes comments and diagrams by Scottish mathematician and astronomer David Gregory hi Mike Crossey up
What A Day
New Force Of Nature Leaves Physicists Over the Muon
"Cancel culture might becoming for sir. Isaac newton assisting have discovered a new fundamental force the results are from the fermi national accelerator lab in illinois which has been doing experiments on me. Wan's milan's are subatomic particles that are similar to electrons hundred times heavier. Maybe even two hundred one times have year after a full year in quarantine. Thank you. this is why. I'm a professional physics. Comedian i go to the conferences. The experiment involved measuring the wobble of milan's any big magnetic field based on the most current model of particle physics. They should have wobbled at predictable. Rate when scientists recorded wobbling rate. That was faster than expected. They were led to hypothesize enu fundamental force was at play. Of course if you're not on hive like me might not mean a lot but people in the physics community are very excited. They say this finding has the potential to clear up galactic mysteries like dark matter. Look all good. Keep it up guys. Just let me know before you do something that all into a black
Everything Everywhere Daily
"isaac newton" Discussed on Everything Everywhere Daily
"In a previous episode. I went over the number of nobel prizes then. Einstein could've one or should have one assuming they gave out posthumous awards. This was a relatively easy exercise. In so far as einstein actually did win a nobel prize and i was able to limit the discussion. Mostly things that did win a nobel prize but einstein. Just get credit for this. Exercise is much more difficult. Isaac newton died in seventeen twenty seven and the first nobel prizes weren't given out till nineteen o one. Moreover the world of science was really different in the seventeenth century compared to what it was in the early twentieth century. Newton was making discoveries in very basic things compared to later discoveries. You wasn't fact picking the low hanging fruit in the world of physics nonetheless. It was newton. That did it. He laid the foundation. Would scientists still being taught today so because this is such a theoretical exercise. I'll define something as nobel prize worthy if it's a discovery that was a significant advance in science. Or if it allowed for significant advancements in science. Because i'm doing this almost three hundred years afternoon staff. I have the benefit of hindsight to see which of his advancements have stood the test of time. Let's start with one of newton's biggest accomplishments in the one which might cause the most controversy in this discussion calculus as i noted in my previous episode on who invented calculus newton certainly invented calculus independently. But he never publicized. The controversy lies in the fact that there is no nobel prize for mathematics. However there have been prizes given out for the development of techniques that allowed science to advance for example the nineteen ninety-three prize in chemistry was given to carry mullah's for development of the pali. Mary's chain-reaction technique for dna replication..
The 3:59
Orbits are roadways in space: Heres why you should care
"So you have nice explainer on how orbits working and you talk to one of these professors who called orbits roadways in space. I i like that. I like that idea. How does orbiting around the earth work in. How do scientists and engineers actually ensure something like a satellite maintains a stable orbit around us orbits. I think are under appreciated. What you might not realize spaces actually pretty close. It's only about sixty miles up. Which yeah okay. That's a lot but you know if you get in your car and drive sixty miles. It's not going to some entirely new zone in the universe right but space is very different. It turns out the hard part about space is not getting up sixty miles. It's getting so that you're moving. Horizontally fast enough to stay in orbit. You come right back but if you go horizontally fast enough you stay in orbit. And that's where that roadways in space comment is germane because what it means. Basically you're going fast enough that you don't fall down and hit the earth you don't go you stay up there and it's it's pretty neat. There's some atmospheric drag but mostly if you put a satellite in orbit it just keeps whizzing around the earth. And that's pretty remarkable one of the actually. I was researching this story. What am i. The my favorite parts of it was looking at what is called newton's cannonball so isaac newton right gravity lights l. This stuff back in the sixteen hundreds he had actually a really good thought experiment that reveals a pretty clear way. How orbits work. he said. Imagine you're up at the of a very high mountain and you shoot a canon ball horizontally now if you shoot it. With a certain speed goes near flies a little ways and plops down hits. The earth fired a little harder. It goes farther and it's the earth but if you fire it at just the right speed the gravity that pulls the cannonball down exactly balances the curvature of the earth so it just keeps on going around the earth now and the real world. That's not possible because during the mountains. High enough in there's a resistance and all that kind of thing but it still shows. I think pretty elegantly. What in orbit is it's this balance of of an object spacecraft falling down because of gravity but also moving horizontally fast enough that it that it keeps on going around earth in in an orbit. Well that's an interesting trick because you talk about moving horizontally at the right speed. When i see rockets launched their. They're launching up vertically right not not horizontally. So how do you get from that. Tremendous bruce up vertically to a point where it goes horizontal and stable enough to actually maintain its orbit chirp. This is one of the tricks of rocket. Rocketry says why when people talk about rocket science. It's not easy right rockets. Actually almost immediately start turning sideways right after launch so at launch they go up and they use a lot of fuel to go up but the majority of the fuel they use is to go sideways so when you watch space shuttle or space x or any of these rockets you'll note that it starts tipping over towards the east usually and it tips over more and more and more and more. If you watch a spacex launch they actually have a very nice Three d computer view that shows the track of the rockets and you can see that very rapidly. It's going sideways more than it's going up. So the vast majority of the energy needed to put a rocket into orbit is pushing it sideways. Not up if you look at some of these rockets like new shepherd from blue origin. Jeff bezos says rockets startup. Those just go up and down. And that's actually a lot easier than going sideways. Which is what spacex does when it gets a satellite into orbit or in iss launch capsule with some astronauts in it. It's a lot harder to go sideways. Yeah you know you talk about this rocket science. This is not easy stuff calculating you know when it needs attorney or how it gets to the pre velocity. It actually maintains or like. How difficult is that to calculate. It's pretty difficult and you. It's not just the calculation it's also the execution so you have to steer the rocket and what you have to realize about a rocket is. It's you're sitting on top of a controlled explosion so you can think of something like unisom. Tnt blowing up or something. It's catastrophic huge release of energy. A rocket is the same kind of thing. It's a chemical explosion and you just control it just enough that the thrust in one direction. So it's pretty hard to get this balanced just right. It's easier these days because you have advanced. Computers have accelerometers all over the place that no just exactly how much thrust is pointing which direction and you have radar tracking stations that can give lots of details about the launch. So it's easier than it was gonna by apollo missions fifty years ago or something like that but yeah it's still hard.
After The Fact
Do Americans Trust Scientists
"So much of the public focuses on discovery and they. Scientists going to influence their life scientists. Of course, love the search does that explain maybe just a little bit of the dichotomy I use I think sometimes feel between scientists in the public. View that actually people are quite fascinated by. Approach that scientists take in they're quite curious about it I i. think many of the of the television shows, for example, in books about science or or very very attracted to people and can help bring them in to science and even become scientists themselves. I don't really take a do view of things concerning trust I think trust house to start with the scientists themselves they have to really be. Truthful about their exploration about what they discovered they have to try to be bias free and politically in free free politics and free of self-aggrandizement and just want to pursue the tree. We were President of one of the best engineering schools in the country and have been involved in education but your role at the national science. Foundation. And now your role with the science philanthropy alliance a little little. Bit More of a cheerleader with FBI. Correct way of saying some of this in terms of trying to let people understand the need and support for basic science and our society. Yeah I think you always go back to your roots in at high school. I was cheer. So I think there are definitely a large group of people who liked cheer and that's a very, very important to do, and of course, it demands a different kind of skill set but there's a step beyond cheering. That is just incredibly important to do what I call move the needle to really make things change at sociologically culturally there are many many disparities that abound and they affect science as well as every other field of endeavor and Jake. It's important for institutions like the National Science Foundation's to. All sorts of approaches to to blossom into encourage them scientific discovery come through many many different approaches. And by the way I've Kurd a number of times that Isaac Newton did his greatest most prevalent work during a pandemic. So crisis can also bring about the environment for making a great discovery. You were the chief scientist at NASA. That's pretty cool. What did you take from that role and how did that guy your thinking in the broader scientific community? I really want to be a researcher and that's it. I wanted to explore science deep league. In particular attracted to the cosmos. And Mike Goodness on. There's just some mysteries that it offers and so I was very very focused on that I didn't want anything to take me away from that and so when I was giving the invitation invitation to join NASA as its cheat scientists asked various close friends and colleagues. If it was a good idea, all my department heads around the country who knew me? said, what about idea will take you out of your research because they knew empower engaged wasn't that but then I talked to some of my female colleagues like a colleague who headed the history of science? Department. At Penn State University and my mother who obviously knew me well, if people like that said, well, you can't talk about how important it is that women. and. Underrepresented minorities go into science, and then not take the opportunity to do something about out to have a platform where you can be a role model for that when you can actually affect changes in that.
5 Minutes in Church History
Isaac Newton
"On this episode five minutes in Church history. Let's talk about a scientist Sir. Isaac Newton. He was born in sixteen forty three. He died in seventeen twenty seven he was actually born in the exact same year of the death of Galileo. He was born in originally humble circumstances. His father died three months before he was born in sixteen sixty one he went off to Cambridge. He had a grasp of Latin and a very curious mind. He would pass the time sketching clocks and windmills and other kinds of gadgets. Once he got to Cambridge he studied astronomy. This was the era of Copernicus and Kepler and of course he studied the classic Philosophers Aristotle and Plato. He kept his notebooks and in one of them. He wrote amicus Plato. Amicus Aristotle's Maga's Amici Veritas. Plato is my friend. Aristotle is my friend. Truth is my best friend. And he also let Cambridge embarked on studying mathematics. In fact he would come to the way in this field he is credited for inventing the study of Calculus as he called it the calculus of infant hassles and it was also while he was at Cambridge that he studied the motion of the moon and the planets and he recognized this force. That was acting on these planets orbit. He was discovering what would come to be called the law of gravity. He would go on to publish. His books is famous book in Seventeen. O four the book called optics and in There. He puts forth his theory of colors. A very interesting a young student in the colonies at the College of Connecticut. We know it as Yale. University would get a hold of Isaac Newton's book optics and he devoured it. This of course is Jonathan Edwards. And he wrote his own little scientific paper he called of light rays and this was all from. Reading Isaac Newton and Edwards draws this corollary from just being amazed at how the actual physical human eye processes light rays. This is what Edwards had to write hence the infinite art that was exercised in the formation of the eye that has given it such an exquisite sense that it should perceive the touch of those few rays of the least fixed stars which enter the eye which all put together won't amount to the million million million million million to part of the least moat of such an exquisite sense that it should distinctly perceive an image upon the retina that it is not above the eighty million millionth part of an inch wide. That has so nicely polished the retina that it should receive so small a picture upon it when the least pro Tuba Rinse or an evenness would utterly destroy and confound it here's Edwards amazed at the human eye but far more amazed at the God who created the human eye and the God who created the universe and it was Isaac Newton who unlocked this for Edwards and it was Isaac Newton who unlocked this for so many other people as Alexander Pope. The poet has it that nature and nature's laws lay hidden by night. God said let Newton be and then there was light Newton as the father of modern science. Believed that no way would science give us less room for God or somehow make less space for God and understanding of him? In fact it was the exact opposite for Isaac Newton. The more he studied God's universe the more he was led to acknowledge and worship God. Newton once said gravity may very well explained the motion of the planets for the can't explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and God knows all that is or all that can be known. That's the Great Isaac Newton
5 Minutes in Church History
5 Cathedrals
"On this episode of five minutes in Church history. We are going on quite the journey. Let's explore five cathedrals in Europe ready. Well we'll start in Florence at the Santa Maria del Flora or the Duomo di Ferenza as Tian's would call it. This cathedral was started in twelve ninety six. It was finished in fourteen thirty six and one of the final structures that was put into place for this Cathedral. Was the famous dome. It was designed and built by Brunelleschi. Who had studied geometry and physics but for much of it by his own account. He relied on his own intuition. And well it worked The Dome was built in. It still lasts. It's made of brick. It has its white ribs in its terra cotta tiles and it serves as such a great backdrop for so many spy movies. So I'm sure you've seen it or the site of that Cathedral. There and Florence goes all the way back to a church that was likely dedicated in three ninety-three by none other than ambrose of Milan and that's the cathedral at Florence. Well let's keep moving. We'll go to Paris and to Notre Dame in two thousand nineteen. It was all over the news. Of course because of that fire it will take millions to rebuild and it will take many years to it as restored. It was first built back in eleven sixty three it epitomizes that ribbed vault and flying buttress style those cathedral structures that are so crucial. It was the site of a temple to Jupiter and the early Roman days and then it was a church and then it was a cathedral in seventeen ninety three. This is the time of the French Revolution. It was rededicated no longer as a church but as the cult of reason and all of the statues to marry were replaced and they were replaced by Statues Lady Liberty Well. It stood that way for many decades and then along came a novel. Victor Hugo's the hunchback of Notre Dame in eighteen thirty one and when that novelist published drew attention to the cathedral and its restoration so Paris. Well let's travel a little north and let's go up the Rhine River and let's go to Cologne. Germany and Statistics abound about this cathedral in Cologne. Germany are you ready? It is the tallest twin spires church in the world. It is the second tallest church in Europe and it is the third tallest church in the world. Those twin spires reached five hundred sixteen feet. Construction began in twelve sixty four. Here's a statistic for you. It has one hundred eighty five thousand square feet of space. This is a huge building. It was so huge that the allied bombers use those twin spires as a landmark further bombing raids during World War Two. The cathedral survived it. Took some hits but it survived in. It stood in a pile of rubble that was the city of Cologne. If you go there today you can climb all the way up to the top for viewing platform. If you're willing to climb five hundred and thirty three stone steps you can also hear. It's eleven massive bells. The largest of those bells weighs twenty four tons. Well let's cross the English Channel and we'll go over to London to Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey has a number of people buried in it and the number of people memorialized in it. Over three thousand people have plaques inside Westminster Abbey and many of them are actually buried there. Isaac Newton the poet Robert Browning kings and Queens and princesses and princes and of course inside Westminster Abbey in Jerusalem chamber in the sixteen forties. We have the writings of the Westminster standards. Well let's reach north a little bit. We've gone from Florence to Paris to Cologne to London. Let's go to Edinburgh to Saint Giles. Cathedral it dates back to eleven twenty four. But it's glorious. Moment came in the sixteenth century. It was the seat of the Scottish reformation in fifteen fifty nine. John Knox was installed as minister at Saint Giles. What a great story. What a great story. All of these cathedrals have to
Gastropod
The United States of McDonalds
"For ME GROWING UP IN CHICAGO. McDonald's was always around. We had birthday parties at McDonald's because her apartment was on on the small size I went to McDonald's after work in high school and after school. It was the go-to meal when my mom Um and I were driving far distances and we needed something to eat and so I have probably spent most of my life inside of McDonald's so the fact that I wrote a book about McDonald's. McDonald's is actually not that surprising. This is Marsha chatwin. She's a professor of history and African American studies at Georgetown University and her new book. The book about McDonalds. It's called franchise the Golden Arches in Black America and speaking of the Golden Arches. There's another new book out called drive through dreams. James A Journey through the heart of America's fast-food kingdom it's by journalist. Adam Chandler the Golden Arches are thought to be according to independent survey more recognizable as a symbol. Both then the Christian crosses around the world recognizable or no. I didn't imagine we'd ever focus an entire episode on McDonald's but here we are Dr Together. Adema Marsha Taylor story about McDonald's that is about much more than McDonald's making it perfect for gastropod and we of course our guest repod the podcast. That looks at food through the Lens of science in history. I'm Cynthia Graber and I'm Nikola twilly and this episode. We're getting to the bottom of how McDonald's took over America. The story starts with WHO invented the hamburger burkart. And how did it become so ubiquitous that it gets bigger from there this episode. We're asking his McDonald's basically America's national cuisine and if it is is what can it tell us about who we are as a country less. How did the tax payer ended up funding the spread of McDonald's in the inner cities and why we're civil rights groups on board? Well whatever idea you have of of. How huge fast food is you should double or triple in your mind because the statistics are bonkers? They're completely bananas us. Eighty percent of Americans eat fast food every month. Ninety six percent of them eat fast food every year which is more than the number of Americans that participate participate on the Internet atom. Says there's not a single place in America that eighty percent of Americans go to at least monthly not a library or Jim or any house of worship according according to the Centers for Disease Control which is not happy about this stat. More than a third of American children eat food every day and for the population as the whole. It's roughly the same thirty six percent of us. Eat it every single day out of all the fast food available to us in the US. The biggest I the most popular chain the one that serves literally one percent of the world's population every day of course it's McDonald's which according to somewhat recent stats sells seventy five burgers every second and Serbs sixty eight million people per day. There is no real way to get your head around numbers that large. But what's weird is that's is makes McDonald's the biggest almost everything everything. It does so marshalled as the McDonald's is even the largest distributorship toys in the world just because of happy meals. At how do they get that big to answer that we we have to go back to the beginning. It all starts about one hundred years ago with the invention of the hamburger. Well there is a lot of debate as is debate about anything culinary in this world about who invented invented any particular item there are many authors but a lot of historians culinary or otherwise. We'll give credit to Walt Anderson. And he was a fry cook in Wichita who one day in one of those kind of Isaac Newton Aha moments got really frustrated when he was cooking a meatball on a griddle and smashed it flat right with the SPATULA and the result was a burger that cooked through really quickly and he put them in these specialty buns. And that's sort of the most recognizable version of of the Burger that we have well Anderson's meatball. Smashing moment was a breakthrough. He went onto lunch white castle. And that what is believed to be the very first fast food chain in the nineteen teens and twenties. There weren't fast food chains. Americans lived in a very different world less connected less cosmopolitan. I'm a politician. Even as late as nineteen twenty five only half of all the homes in the United States had `electricity even fewer had indoor plumbing. People weren't used to dining finding out regularly. Generally speaking there wasn't a unified culinary culture. There wasn't one item. We had ethnic enclaves that had their own specific blends of items that that were cherished and part of a tradition but in the nineteen twenties America was starting to change. The model t was becoming more affordable and the number of people who owned cars more than quadrupled. Adam told us that nineteen twenty was the first year that more Americans lived in cities the not the US was starting to become urban. The First World War was the first mechanized war and the nineteen twenties. He's was the machine. Age Technology promise to streamline and modernize every aspect of American life the nineteen twenties was also. The beginning of radio's Golden Age and more and more people started to tune into music and mystery and comedy shows. Radio started to create a national culture at the end of World War One reserved this unifying aspect to American elect. Technology was bringing about and the hamburger was part of that was part of finding a national diet. The hamburger did have one hurdle to overcome Americans. At the time. I'm was scared of ground meat. They were scared of it. Because they'd all read the jungle by Upton Sinclair and they were nervous about the quality of the food. The jungle was a really important book from the Early Nineteen Twenties. We talked about it in our episode. On the history of preservatives. It told the tale of a semi-fictional worker in a Chicago. Slaughterhouse and the nightmarish conditions there for both the workers and the resulting meat while Anderson than meat ball smashing genius behind the hamburger. He was fully aware that Americans thought ground meat was likely full of dirt and and dead rats and even workers fingers so what he did was he designed these stores that all look the same. They had stainless steel interiors white tiles and they look like castles and white castle was meant to kind of convey this stately safe grandeur of a place where you could go and it would be the same everywhere you went so it was meant to reassure consumers. Who didn't really know what was safe to eat? And that really set the tone for what would come in the future of these industries of franchising of seeing something wherever you are in saying. Oh I knew it. I'm going to get here. This is familiar to me. White Castle was the first to open in franchise fast food restaurants. But it isn't the biggest today as you all know. That title goes to McDonald's. McDonald's brothers were these two men from New Hampshire sure who had kind of seen the extremes of the great depression and they headed out to California to see where they could strike business. Gold Dick and Mac McDonald headed West in nineteen thirty. They were in their twenties and their thought was. Maybe they can make it big in the movies. That didn't find as much success as they'd hoped they were two sons of a shoe factory foreman and they found success more for in the business side of production the catering. They went from that into the restaurant business. They opened up a barbecue. Stand in nineteen forty and southern California and and it was one of the drivers of the era. That people are often familiar with car. hops in major at boots and a young guys cruising in in cars and people hanging out and just kind of a big scene and they were successful. First restaurant was called McDonald's and it was in San Bernardino which is just east of La. It's meaningful that. McDonald's started in southern California because southern California was really where a lot of changes that overtook. America were happening kind of on on steroids by the early nineteen forties. The Great Depression was finally over. San Bernardino is shifting from being farming town to more of a manufacturing and service industries industry center people were moving their into the growing city and suburbs and increasingly. They had a little disposable income but also San Bernardino was on route sixty six and so it was a place where a lot of people were traveling throughout California as well through as the rest of the country. So Dick and Mac McDonald. Were doing pretty well for themselves. But but then after eight years in the restaurant business. They surprised everyone by deciding to close their popular successful restaurant and entirely revamp it. The re diagram to what the kitchen would look like they use this assembly line model that White Castle and kind of employed and they cut the menu items from twenty five to nine. They also fired all all of the young women who are car hops because they felt like they were flirty and they would distract from the work that was happening there. They also wanted to pivot away from being a teen hangout to family friendly place. They got rid of silverware because people would steal it or break it and they went to wrapping Burgers in paper and they wanted to create the most efficient kitchen possible in order to serve as many people as possible. And so the revision of the McDonald's drive in is what we are living with today a highly automated mechanized kitchen and that is able to produce high volumes of food and a very short period of time. What they did was they basically just souped up the kitchen and turned it into a factory? An assembly line dusted with Hollywood magic. And the result was they could serve food for cheap even cheaper than their previous menu items had been. I didn't know what to make of it but it caught on very quickly. This new McDonald's factory style restaurant didn't just catch on with eaters. It became a total phenomenon. Within the restaurant industry. Eight people were coming from all over the country to kind of hear and see what was going on because there were these whispers in the industry about this place that was so popular and and you know there were long lines and people were talking about this place. That was not just serving a lot of people but serving a lot of people quickly so eventually the founders of Burger King Taco bell a couple of other chains that didn't quite make it ultimately stopped by and they copied with McDonald brothers. Were doing as Z.. Listeners know some of those copycats are still around today. One of the businessmen who came to see it was none other than Ray KROC. He was a salesman and he sold the mixing machines machines for milkshakes and the McDonald Brothers had bought a shockingly large quantity of these machines so great thought he'd go and see what they were doing with them. Ray had been in nearly every kind end of commercial kitchen available. At the time. He'd played jazz at speakeasy. During prohibition he'd sold kitchen and restaurant supplies around the country so he came to the McDonald's restaurant in San Bernardino we know and he saw the crowds and he was completely blown away by it and so immediately said this needs to be national. This needs to be everywhere. Ray convinced the brothers. Let him start working with them before long. He bought them out. And the tool that ray us to fulfil his dream of taking this model national and then global global was the franchise so franchising is this concept that a parent company provides all of the blueprints and the instructions and the recipes for a product or service and the Franchisee pays Hayes for the right to deliver that good or service to an audience. Ray KROC didn't invent this franchise model White Castle had already been using it and in fact many experts think that at the root of the idea goes back to the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages tax collectors did the work of the church and collected tithes and the kept some of the money for themselves at the start of the twentieth century. Rick Coca Cola had used the franchise model to make their sugary drink available at drugstores across America. But it was ray KROC who really took this franchise idea and ran with it. The franchise model. I think is amazing because it allows companies to pass on all of the liability to this other party so so that was sort of the way in which McDonald's grew really quickly and also took a lot of the risk out from opening places and this is the way they maintained control over franchisees so it was consistent. You didn't have rogue franchisees trying to sell Pepsi when you had a contract to sell coke and so it was a complicated system. But it's what turned McDonald's into the the biggest in the fastest growing fast food restaurant. The
BrainStuff
What Is Light?
"Light. In addition to being a bright, Patrick, sunshine on your window. Sill is a metaphor for enlightenment and exploration, which is a bit paradoxical for phenomenon that even after thousands of years of inquiries and endless experiments. Scientists still can't quite explain is it a particle or wave or both or neither do we need a new word for it. Your eyes tell you a lot about the way light behaves. It travels so fast that seems instantaneous about one hundred eighty six thousand miles or three thousand kilometers per second. It blazes through air and space and laser like straight lines. But it also bounces reflects and refraction, and when it interacts with the right medium like a camera lens, it make her we know that it's made up of tiny units that we call photons, and we know that the term waves can describe its movements. But neither of these words really encompass lights auditees in ancient times. The Greeks used philosophy to attempt to address lights wide range. Of behaviors perhaps they thought light is actually composed of little bits of stuff that bounce to and fro the idea never really caught on then in the sixteen hundreds French philosopher Rene Descartes became convinced that light was essentially a wave one that moved through a mysterious substance that he called platinum Isaac Newton thought that light was a particle, but he was at a loss for a way to explain many of its properties. Like the way it refracted and could be split by prison from a single beam of white light into a rainbow of many colors of light. This was largely before the rise of empirical studies in science wherein, we attempt to answer questions about the world around us by designing experiments that demonstrate well how stuff works back in the day. Science was a matter of philosophy people coming up with about how stuff works and basically arguing about the ideas merit to be fair. Our modern microscopes computers and other equipment help just for example, lights behavior becomes more evident, depending on where you're observing it in the vacuum of space. Ace light zips along at the aforementioned one hundred eighty six thousand miles or three hundred thousand kilometers per second. But point a beam of light at a very dense bit a matter say a diamond, and it can slow to only around seventy seven thousand miles or one hundred twenty four thousand kilometers per second much easier to observe relatively to try to explain in. These are modern times. What light is let's I remember some science basics waves are not a thing or substance. They're a property of thing. A wave is a compressing and stretching of a particular medium, a like an ocean wave that drives toward the shore or the ripple spreads out across the surface of a pond when you toss in Iraq, you can see the waves with your eyes feel them with your body. And sometimes when a sound wave happens in the air, you can hear them with your ears particles on the other hand are not quite so easy to define particle can be a tiny bit of matter. A matter broken down into its smallest and most basic units water, for example, is made up of countless party. Guls particles that are affected by waves. What's really happening when you watch a wave in the ocean or ripple in a pond is that each particle or molecule in this case of water is being moved and thus the medium of the ocean or pond is being compressed and stretched in sequence and we see waves, but light as experiments have proven also consists of particles that we call photons the behave like waves. Let's unpack that there was a famous nineteenth century double slit experiment in which researchers beamed light through two slits and observed the way the light struck a screen behind the slits what they saw was that the streams of light affected each other like two hands splashing water in the same sink as if they were waves interfering with one another. But then in the twentieth century scientists began their pioneering explorations into subatomic particles. Like neutrons electrons, Albert Einstein wondered what would happen? If you emitted light one photon at a time in the double slit experiment. What scientists saw dumb found? Did them the single photons went individually through the slits, but the way that they struck the screen over time showed the same interference pattern that occurred with full-scale beams of light streaming through both slits this behavior can't be explained by the physics. We use to describe particles and waves in the macro world around us, it's in the realm of quantum mechanics. The physics theories that describe what goes on at the very smallest subatomic levels, and which we humans still don't really understand. So ultimately, if you want to answer the question, what is light you could call it both a particle and wave and you'd be correct. But as for fully explaining why and how it works. We're still working on
Flashpoint
The Hottest Stories on the Internet Today (Monday June 18)
"Hawking's ashes were interred between the graves of charles darwin answer isaac newton and his family members dignitaries and a select few members of the public celebrated his life a european space agency antenna in spain beamed his voice out into space toward a black hole hawking's mechanical but very familiar voice was accompanied by music composed for the occasion by van jealous the greek composer who won an oscar for chariots of fire stephanie who taught at asian college pleaded guilty this week in a michigan circuit court to a charge of unauthorized computer access authorities say yaas locked into other people's email accounts without permission over a four day period last year at the college reset everyone's passwords and assigns everyone the same temporary password and other professor learned what y'all had done and told school officials the seven episode jeopardy winner was later fired yasa's winning streak in two thousand twelve was a record at the time for a female contestant it was later broken wonder woman took place during world war one now the sequel is set some seventy years later warner brothers has released the first images for wonder woman nineteen eightyfour including gal gadot back as the title character and the return of chris pine as steve trevor even though his character apparently died in the original how small dumbo director tim burton's live action take on the classic tale of the big eared elephant who could fly the popular pachyderms arrives theaters next march double duty for julia roberts the oscar winning actress is set to star in and produce the feature drama little be based on the chris cleave novel show play a british magazine editor who connects with a young nigerian girls seeking asylum no word when little be will hit the big screen in hollywood i'm david daniel news when you want it twenty four seven w g o w news is our first name usually the eleven fifty rush limbaugh live loon till three on eleven fifty w g o w a m twenty eighteen campground there's families here there's other folks here just part there's parties going to be happening this weekend daryl you're throwing one on monday yes so for the other party which is going to be the final party of fork fast at a party that i'm throwing as the after the athletic event correct including a beer mile yes i and a few others there are two competing calendars that i know.
Special Programming
Department Of Homeland, Westminster Abbey and Charles Darwin discussed on Special Programming
"Looper says many visitors during this crucial summer tourism season are canceling their plans after hearing of the fire and these are small businesses don't have a lot of the lastest bounce back on after a month of bad sales the state's delegation says they will be trying to bring relief funds to the community from fema and the us small business administration for npr news i'm dan voiced in drank oh on wall street stocks closed slightly lower f recovering from heavier losses earlier in the session the dow jones industrial average fell eighty four points the nasdaq composite index lost fourteen and the s and p five hundred to three points this is npr news figures from the department of homeland security indicate that almost two thousand migrant children are being detained in the united states without at least one parent parents and their children were separated after entering the us illegally across the southern border attorney general jeff sessions says it's part of his department's zero tolerance policy sessions is being slammed by some members of congress over that policy and by civil rights leaders for using a biblical passage to justify it british physicist stephen hawking was laid to rest in london on friday npr's debbie elliott reports that memorial events included a transmission into outerspace hawking's ashes have been interred between british science greats isaac newton and charles darwin at westminster abbey the gravestone is etched with hawking's equation describing the interplay of a black hole one thousand members of the public from around the world were selected by ballot to join family and friends for the.