35 Burst results for "Fifty Million Years"
ESPN FC
"fifty million years" Discussed on ESPN FC
"Welcome insulated sedation. Have espn afc. I'm dan thomas shown by craig burley and stevie nicotiana fueled soft. We'll be joining us later on. Defense solid shells that new deal but we start off by welcome to the program from caravan somewhere in the eastern england. Toolbar rafael verandah. Which we a lot about on this show so far. But is the fish on arizona's he waves goodbye to madrid and joins manchester united. I wanted to get your view from madrid perspective. Obviously they've lost now left to first choice. Centre pike's this summit and that could be a bit of a problem can then it could be a problem which is one of the being so struck by how little noise there is around. This hasn't been a terrible sense of loss. That hasn't been really kind of a a tearful farewell. That hasn't been a kind of a sense of of seeing legend. There's been no huge furious criticism of ice departure now. Obviously some of circumstantial that some of that is about the the awareness that the financial situation around you in very good the awareness. That veron wasn't going to renew and so in that context getting a deal of close to fifty million years is pretty good. of course. The arrival of alabama helps as well the fact that many out by the back in the last season helps and i think all of that helps to mitigate if you like a little bit in the noise but i'm i'm i'm still struck by i'm still struck by the Hasn't been more made of this as you say. This is ralph rates first choice centreback partnership going back almost decade. Not quite a. Because i play we stand for the star of orion spirit of the club but by the last seven years this has been rammed just back to and both gone but of course it i suppose around madrid's perspective as you mentioned. They're trying to cash in while they still can for someone like veran. So we'll go to a alibaba minute tau since about partnership unfortunately alabama cove eight although i suppose in troop that doesn't matter hugely..
AP News Radio
Oldest Fossils of Animals May Be in Canada Rocks, Study Says
"Also discovered in Canada maybe the earliest record of animal life on earth in a report published in the journal nature a geologist who's been excavating in the remote northwest territories of Canada discovered rocks that contain three dimensional structures believed to be ancient sponge skeletons the rock layer eight hundred ninety million years old it's three hundred fifty million years older than the oldest undisputed sponge parcels that were previously found other researchers will be vetting the findings of geologist Elizabeth Turner but experts say it's a stunning fine they could greatly improve our understanding of early animal evolution it would show that the first animals involved before a time when there was enough oxygen to reach a level scientists once thought was necessary for animal life I'm Jennifer king
Next Stop Everywhere: The Doctor Who Podcast
"fifty million years" Discussed on Next Stop Everywhere: The Doctor Who Podcast
"She makes this deal with the doctor to take back to castro and she wants to go back and she's very insistent because she wants to go back to one hundred fifty million years ago when she you know was i i guess you know. But she says she was like exiled or something. Obviously there's more to the story as we find out but the doctor says no okay. I'm a counter. That deal like i'll take you to kastoria but we're not going to go back a hundred and fifty million years. We're going to go back to castro today. Because i'm not going to upset the web of time or whatever for you. You're going to need matt smith right exactly. Yeah that doesn't come until stephen moffatt shows up. You have to wait for that to play with. All that time can be rewritten. Nonsense all that. Yeah so she finally agrees. And the going you know they travel to castro which turns out to be like this really desolate place. and she Yeah she worked. I figures out that. Go into these underground thermal caves. She wants to look for survivors. But this whole thing is booby-trapped as it turns out and then she gets this syringe in her chest so it kind of reminded me 'cause she was radioactive almost kind of reminded me. I don't know if you ever saw the movie. The world is not enough where the bad guy gets impaled by one of those rods nuclear the for the the that you use it a carbon rods or whatever. I forget what the kind of rods they were. I was thinking of colson in the Of injuries that too that was. Oh my god that looks painful but in in gets it back on the show..
Bulletproof Radio
"fifty million years" Discussed on Bulletproof Radio
"Four hundred feet lower than it is today so then things start to warm up and the ocean starts to vance and reclaiming were lost territory. While in the case of the black sea the black sea was a c. Just connected through the bosphorus. But it's had a very shallow entrance very shallow sill. So once you level went down. The black sea became isolated and the civilizations grew around it. Wonderful rivers flowing in the dan. You the dawn of fertile crescent of civilization and then as the sea level rose in the mediterranean because it was connected directly to the atlantic that started rising rising rising right at the bosphorus and then one day boom at broken and completely flooded that farmland in everything so we went in and found the ancient shoreline that was there before the flood and we went along the shoreline and we collected shells. I love collecting shells as you read in. The book loved walking law and i came home with all the shells and i went to shell experts. You know and i said so what i and they said well half. Your shells are from freshwater species and half your shelter from saltwater species. And i said thank you. I took my shells. They went over to a carbon fourteen levin said data and so i- dated them in my my oldest. Shell was fifteen thousand years old and my youngest shell was five thousand years old. And when i merged the data it said all the shells from fifteen thousand years old. Two seven thousand five hundred will be called. Bp before the present era which is about five thousand bc in our term and our terminology and everything. After that was saltwater it documented the exact moment that whole thing happened and it was it was during times of early civilizations when all knowledge was passed orally we've dyslexic s- love that period. It's all sitting around the fire and talking so we were able to actually dated. And if you stood there at the ancient shoreline and looked up you'd see mount arafat right where the bible puts it. That's incredible ask pretty cool. Have you come across a graham hancock's theory about a comment hitting to close to the north pole. Eleven thousand years ago cloud of iridium dust. That's detectable that. Will you have the one that would knocked out the dinosaurs. But that was way back those in my fifty million years way back. I haven't heard any recent one. But we've had.
Rocks Across the Pond
"fifty million years" Discussed on Rocks Across the Pond
"All right right. Jonathan i- saw me on the twitter yesterday. That navy cry. nso are ended. Said the thing about being an adult is nobody asks you. What your favorite dinosaurs anymore. And i realized that was true. Oh man so This fisher into dinosaurs yet. Yes he is does he have a favorite dinosaur does why does it. He loves the triceratops. That's a strong dinosaur. What about you. What's your favorite dinosaur pariser office. Well that's kind of a deep cut. What's the paris. Paris lawfulness piercer. Off lewis is the crested dinosaur. He's the one that eats plants and then has like this random thing shutting out of his head that he used to uses a horn. It's not like not like to impale you but like as to like signal to his home is that he's around. Yeah when's the last time you were asked. What your favorite dinosaurs. Let's see probably thirty years ago. Probably like the first bush administration. It's a while ago. I think there's no wrong answers. Except for maybe velociraptor. 'cause then lost sickly you're either basic so the only thing about dinosaurs jurassic park or you from toronto in both of those things can disqualify you. Ask me what my dinosaur is. Basically been digging for you to ask me for my dinosaur on the hint jonathan. Yes what is your favorite dinosaur pterodactyl man. That's a flying dinosaur like what's cooler than that. We haven't other content. Is dinosaurs right no we. Don't you want to keep talking about dinosaurs. Dinosaur podcast dinosaur trains pretty cool. So it's jim henson joint and the the family of terra dawn's adopts a t. Rex baby and they basically get on. The dinosaur train in the dinosaur train is in can take them across time periods in they go to the different time periods to learn about the different dinosaurs in. They meet them. There's a board game. This is like for adults. Not for kids that i used to play in oklahoma called american mega-fauna vetted by a scientist in basically each turns like fifty million years. And the whole point of the game is you have to kinda mutate your species into something that adapts that whatever the next big collective shift is a kind of teaches you about like you know how the climate changes overtime how the shape of north america changes so. If you zoned gets flooded during heat wave then you die unless you can kinda mutate swims anyway so you get to keep around with. I know why. Growing up. In oklahoma. I was never introduced to this board game. We actually had a friend who was shoes a literal creationist and he still like the game. Like you're just based on science it. Yeah let's just his opinion but a fantasy obviously that was his. Take on it. So it's basically it was like he was playing dungeons and dragons. Yeah are star wars. So he said it's just like stars dungeons and dragons to cruel story. But anyway the whole point was to keep your species line alive through all these shifts. That's kind of cool. I wonder if i can find that online. Probably and then it ends when the human show up because the humans kill off all the mega-fauna because they're superpredators so anyway ryan how we think about what curlers are what kind of dinosaurs to. We went okay so we went to..
Science Salon
"fifty million years" Discussed on Science Salon
"We throughout biology book geology book and chemistry book. And then i went after throwing away the archaeology book. So now i have i love because i'm dyslexic. I loved throwing books. No that's not. Well i guess just to our listeners. Explain the the kind of the history behind this. The theory was that because of the second. Law thermodynamics entropy or assist them to develop in complexity. You have to have a source of energy the only source we knew of was the son so it all comes from the outside. So what you're talking about here said this is right. Yeah so here. You're talking about a second source of energy inside the earth correct. Add an whether that's radioactive decay. But most of it is really the heat of genesis When we after the big bang and the matter of the of the universe began to collapse back in on itself it became a very violent collapse very a significant impacts. And it's like if you hit your head for a half an hour is going to get really hot. And that's the heat of friction and so they the heat of chretien as the earth which was initially called cold material coming back collapsing in the force of gravity. Ah then heated up that and we had a meltdown and when we had a meltdown and the earth went molten it then began to through simple. Gravity distribute heavy to the center. That's why the are nickel cores have. And the earth began to stratified by itself and the earth is continuing to stratified itself until it loses that he'd of genesis and it locks up like mars. Mars went through what we believe a plate tectonic period smaller planet and that it gave up its heat of genesis. And it's now locked up so but earth is still alive still a vibrant organism and That's why it's still differentiating out. Continents are growing. We know that continents are made up of lighter material. We call them Sil- philipson silica a aluminum potassium silicates style. And it's light if you were. We know ocean floor is made up of saima silica mayfield. Six iron and magnesium so if you took a cubic foot of of the continent which typically is granted for example. Lots of courts. Lots of granite. Lots of bel spars. And you put that cubic foot granted on a waterbed it would sink into the water bed but if you took a cubic foot of ocean crust with its heavier minerals and laid it on the waterbed it aquilla at deeper depth. That's why continents are up there floating higher on the fear. And and the oceanic crust is sinking lower in the esteem. Fear and when the to go out at the ocean always loses the always loses so the ocean is always deducting back into the planet. That's why all the oldest history of the planet is on the continents and the ocean is relatively young not because it hasn't been around for billions of years but it's constantly been recycling itself with the oldest remnants of ancient ocean crust in what used to be the 'this which is now the mediterranean as africa and eurasia collide and going down the hellenic. Trench is the oldest ocean about two hundred and fifty million years. That's nothing out of the a four point. Eight billion year history so yes this that constant creative process and it now all make sense..
#hottakeoftheday
"fifty million years" Discussed on #hottakeoftheday
"Cover and we certainly don't talk about the fact that the population on the earth is now seven point eight billion and continues to climb. And at least when. I've seen correlations. When you correlate the co two levels on the planet with the population on the planet they seem to coincide because you have more people breathing in and out. I'm curious what your take on. The man made influence of the increase of co two Where are we in geologic time. What is the science say. How do we sort of put to bed this this conversation around climate deniers or whatever but but in the context of co two. Well let's talk about the geological era that we're in now it's called a place to see an icy and it's been here for two point six million years. We went into it gradually but there was a demarcation with the international strategy. Graphic commission decided. Okay now we're in the place to see an ice age because all these glaciers are carving out huge valleys in all our mountain chains. And that's when they say it started since then there have been forty to forty five major glaciations glacial maximums and inbetween. Each one of those place. Y'all maximums which were forty two thousand years. Long at first in a million years ago changed to a hundred thousand year cycles. That's another story but in between those major glaciations are what are called interglacial periods. That is where we are today. We are ten thousand years into an interglacial period after the last glacial maximum ice sheets melted as they have done as i say forty to forty five times in this two point six million year long ice age now prior to the two point six million year ice age that we've been in for that long earth was warmer for two hundred and fifty million years before that there was no ice age before this one until you go back. Two hundred and fifty million years to the karoo. Look it up k. A. r. double. Oh it was a hundred million years long. How long the karoo ice age lasted. It was about the same as this one going down to so cold that a sheet of ice covered the whole of canada every time the glaciations came. I don't know what the periods of Were in the karoo ru or whether anybody does because it was two hundred and fifty to three hundred fifty million years ago. That was the last time the earth was this cold so to begin with worrying about co two making the earth too hot is a bit premature seeing as though we are now in one of the coldest periods in the there only being five known ice ages in the last half billion years. This is the most recent one we are in it although we are in an interglacial period but there are still glaciers and both poles are still covered in massive sheets of ice during the two hundred and fifty million years before this ice age set in there was no ice on either poll. It's a funny story about polar bears. They say that climate change threatens the existence of polar bears. actually polar bears wouldn't exist if it weren't for climate change. They evolved from the grizzly bear..
ActionPacked
"fifty million years" Discussed on ActionPacked
"In it in. Because if they think you've picked up a stone that might be worth something. I think he would. I think he would fay quickly have a lot of people Strip searching you. So i stay well clear i have my hands always i that absolutely nothing as i will. Out of a minds Everyone knows that all the things that are safe if there are any you had an interesting experience an emerald mined in columbia. Columbia is an astonishing country fleet. Bogota i was actually giving a talk on emeralds and then i had the opportunity to go and see a number of mind cause quest which is owned by company called fewer. I drove use. The ad took about seven hours quite a rough road. And i stayed on the mind for for a few days. That was incredible. The landscape was josh something else. I had never seen such beauty owner of the mine. He said we'll could go back. And so it was like a seven journey back down. We said well you can. You can go back in a helicopter which would take like fifteen minutes or something like that. And i just goodness a helicopter. I am not in very good fly. Even i fly all over the place On definitely not a good flier in helicopters but fifteen minutes versus seven hours. And i looked at the countryside and i just thought my goodness. I can't miss this opportunity. And so i did go in the helicopter and i just thought if i founded this plane out of this headache opther die. This will be a very good place to do it because it was just stunning and the green hills and the mountains and the vegetation was just so green and to think that the all these emeralds underneath these mountains that was that was what was so says the just nature. Nature's got these green stones beneath which hadn't seen some of them have not seen lots of them have not seen the light of day for over fifty million years john just majestic. I think that's one of the best trips i have done. I went beginning in helicopter anytime soon. I think that is a very good one to leave on. But definition because of the extraordinary value of gems your job has a substantial element danger attached to it..
Quirks and Quarks
"fifty million years" Discussed on Quirks and Quarks
"I'm add host of ideas in this age of click bait and shouting ideas is a meeting ground for people who want to deepen their understanding of the world. Join me as we crack. Open a concept to see how it plays out over place time and how. It matters today from the rise of authoritarianism to the history of cult movies. No idea is off. Limits ideas is on the cbc listening. Or wherever. You find your podcasts. This is a. cbc podcast. Eightfold all tale dark-haired inherited cracks cracks. Hi i'm bob mcdonald on this week. Show sharks have swamped the seas. Four hundred and fifty million years so scientists were shocked to discover. They nearly went extinct only nineteen million years ago. We certainly weren't expecting to find this dramatic ninety percent decline in shark abundance and diversity. Coffee may keep you awake. But it's not keeping you functional. Those stay awake all night committed significantly more errors on this task and caffeine stood essentially nothing to remediate that also engineers studied the remarkable properties of the elephants trump. they're able to section of about a hundred and fifty meters per second. It's like twenty to thirty times. This speed of a sneeze plus.
Your Own Pay
"fifty million years" Discussed on Your Own Pay
"Ruggeri i'm gregory from illinois and i was wondering what were the causes of like ancient ancient warming periods compared to what's going on now what caused him back then and what is the real cause now compared to those warming periods. Okay well we've seen periods of great warmth. The vulcan ism there have been times when Asteroid struck the world creating global winter which lasted for years even decades and then all of a sudden the the the wildfires that resulted from this on all continents fill the atmosphere with methane and carbon dioxide which was effectively woman in the world but because the sun was blocked out. They were those. Greenhouse gases constituted latent greenhouse warming it was masked when the skies cleared the temperature of the world rose quickly surged it was an unrestrained through. That's called kickback. Climate change and it's the kind of thing that that we still talk about to this day if you had a series of climate altering volcanic glass that set the temperature of the world back but thirty or forty years. You burn fossil fuels. You'd be adding latent greenhouse warming the system that would. then get you as kickback. Climate change when the skies cleared in. That woman was then exposed. So there there are factors that that you know dr this about fifty million years ago The earth was much warmer than it is now and the carbon dioxide content was higher for some a little stronger now than it was then. So if we had you know compositional parody with the Fifty million year period. Then you're talking about a temperature that would be a little bit warmer. The pleistocene three million years ago was warmer then now and we are moving quickly toward playa. Seem like condition. Steve how does it. Crashing asteroid cool the climate for decades. The what it doesn't live in the into the air. And it can catalyze vulcan ism which throws act and dust into the air and all of these simultaneously occurring processes can cause the skies to be docking blocking up the sun creating cooling conditions. But last you know ten twenty thirty forty years and all of a sudden. The sky is clear that stuff settles out of the atmosphere. And you get all of these greenhouse gases resulting from fire and geologic mayhem To to bake the world but we have the power now as humans to reverse this now right. Oh i'm not fond of geo engineering. I think geo engineering. You know this is my opinion and you can take it for what little metro think. It's worth i think trio one caring his fringe His my my idea was concern if we throat aerosols into the stratosphere stratospheric aerosol injection dispersal We can mimic the cooling effects of volcanic glass. But what if. A volcano erupted when we had thirty five million tons of suffer dioxide or calcium carbonate in the stratosphere you know you would exacerbate that cooling effect another thing is if you kube world through geo engineering this way. It's called solar geo engineering our solar radiation management you low of trump applause ceiling. Which is.
Making Sense with Sam Harris
"fifty million years" Discussed on Making Sense with Sam Harris
"Than one time. And this is pretty pretty not make a bad pun but pretty heavy stuff. It's pretty complicated. Learn embryology and you know. Barely understand what i'm reading but i understand a little bit now lease but the really cool thing i think is that if you go back you know. Five hundred fifty million years ago to a time in the earth's history called the carrion animals didn't have brains and i was just really interested to try to understand why you know why did brains evolved and samuel. So you know you never really answer the why question very easily evolution but you certainly can answer what questions so like. What is the brains most important job. What is brain will be good for and you can look at the evolutionary the evolutionary story that that molecular geneticists and now thomas and so on ecologists have have crafted and it's a really cool and interesting drama and it what it suggests. Is that your brains. Most important job isn't thinking or seeing or even feeling so these are characteristics. These are features that the brain forms or computes. But they're not actually the brains most important job it's most important job is regulating the systems of your body. Your heart your lungs your immune system. You're you know and consistent so on and of course you know we don't experience every delight and or you know every drama in our lives this way. We don't experience every hug that we get or used to get before covid or every insult that we bear. We don't we don't experience these way this way but this is actually what is going on under the hood and when your brain thinks and decides and sees and hears and feels it's doing this in the service of the regulation of your body and that turns out to be a really important insight. I would add one piece here. I know you don't recall. Put this book but it does strike me. That just by the the logic of evolution. The motor behavior is in some ways primary here. Because if you can't move if you can't do anything with a brain if there's no way that it can influence the differential success organism in in the contest for made or or survival then there would have been no evolutionary pressure in this direction so it seems to presuppose ability to do something with respect to the environment. I don't think there's a bright line between that story. And the story of regulating the internal state of the body. I think we'll get to that. Don't you see an ability to actually act in some ways being the necessary context for this evolutionary pressure. Absolutely in fact really you know. i guess. I'm very persuaded by working motor neuroscience and certainly in philosophy the idea that motor motor action is primary and everything all sensory processing in the service of motor action. I think that's absolutely right. The one thing. I would say though is that you know in invertebrates in all vertebrates certainly and in in i would maybe hazard to say all animals who have limbs that move or parts move. There's usually an internal set of systems that support that movement. Now invertebrates like us that's a cardiovascular system and respiratory system in on you know not all animals have the kind of viscera that we have that vertebrates invertebrates have their own systems but there is no extra movement of bodies without internal systems to support that and in motor neuroscience. As much as i respect that work and i really do. I think they're really ahead of the curve. In certain ways they they tend to ignore the internal systems of animals bodies. And i really think that that's an important part of the story that is missing. So when i say you know that the brain is regulating the body. I really mean everything motor about the body that would include what we call visceral motor which means the beating of your heart and the contraction of your lungs and so on but it also means the movement of your skeletal motor system in your muscles the voluntary movements of your muscles and in fact if you look at for example primary motor cortex in a monkey brain macaque brain it has visceral motor maps in it and some of the regions that are considered to be you know sort of association regions for the motor system are actually the primary critical controllers of visceral motor regulation meeting regulation of the viscera of your lungs in your heart and so on so in your brain the internal systems of your body the the the the the neurons that are controlling interest of your body and the neurons that are controlling your cell motor system the you know your voluntary muscle movements are really intertwined. That's not well documented in motor neuroscience work. But it's present in the anatomy you could just see it's Talk about emotion. But i tend to think about emotion now is a kind of covert behavior right that the line between emotion and action. That is Commonsensical i think can break down if you follow that framing but let's not leap to emotion just yet the evolutionary story. We have told ourselves for a long time has been Summarized by this concept given to us by paul mcqueen of the triune brain and use of people refer to their their lizard brain or they think of a step wise evolution from reptiles to mammals generally and then to primates as having climbed up from the brain stem to the cortex. What's wrong with this picture. Well what's wrong with. That picture is that he doesn't really match the best available scientific evidence. For how brains evolved. I mean if you look at a lizard brain and say A mammal brain like a lakes. Am a rat or a road and brain a and you look at a monkey brain and human brain. No they look different to the naked. I looks like the rat. It should say it looks like it. Looks like the lizard doesn't really have much of a cerebral cortex. It looks like the rat. Has you know maybe a little bit of old cortex and That that the monkey in the human have quite a bit and the human having you know substantially more than a the monkey. That's how it looks to the naked eye and this led. Paul mclean others. You know guided by. I think certain cultural beliefs to describe brain evolution in the way that you just described it although you are description. Salmon is slightly more lyrical. And maybe what mclean wrote but you know the idea that a lizard brain.
Science Facts & Fallacies
Nature Makes GMO Fish
"Skeptical of aqua bounties fast-growing salmon while nature makes genetically modified fish to next up. Why the effort to find a quote biological basis for being transgender is misguided and harmful and finally cure for sickle cell diseases inches closer with the launch of a major gene. Therapy trial very exciting stuff. But first up kevin. Let's talk about Natural gm fish apparently. Yeah this is really cool and this is a report that came out in. Cbc news which is canadian broadcasting company usually not writing very favorable things about genetic engineering because this isn't genetic engineering unless it's genetic engineering that nature did so the story goes back to a couple of researchers at queens university. A lorry graham and peter davies found this evidence a while ago now that there was this antifreeze gene that helped the rainbow smelt live through freezing temperatures so super cooling fish and some other organisms can endure temperatures below freezing because of a mechanisms that keep their cells from forming ice crystals. What interesting stuff going on there and if you think about it. These are cold-blooded so when it gets below freezing you have the risk of freezing so years ago. Probably a decade and a half. I guess they found this evidence that there was A this gene that that didn't seem to make a whole lot of sense that that it that it looked like a in so we go over now to herring and smelt How was this hearing. Gene ending up and smelt the last time that they were related was by extremely distant ancestor. They said by the article article here. Two hundred and fifty million years ago so that was like the carbon difference period so these two individual lineages of fish split off pretty early a back before dinosaurs or you know and so this really cool so well same time as early dinosaurs.
D4WH - A Doctor Who podcast
"fifty million years" Discussed on D4WH - A Doctor Who podcast
"I your host. Would you lock jelly baby. I'm adam o'sullivan joined by my co host. She's my very best friend or at least my current companion. It's nikita shirts. I haley daily baby. And it's just a cliche i don't get one. We had jelly babies a live. Show having more at the moment. Yeah well that sucks stop. Sign it okay. Well i hate the implication that i need to bring sweets your house record you pretty much how you doing. Well mali's i'm good on good i I'm very excited about talking about show what we're going to be chatting about today. 'cause i guess had caught the tone. We've it's a brand new era off the to zoom episodes. We've moved into your new Your new podcast equitas. Yes we have. We've still got a bit of fine tuning to do. Took us about a year to get used to the To the old one year it did end. Then i'll buy a house in middle china again. We've moved up from recording the library of getting told off by librarians. Because we're loud. Hey it's every stiff stanford about this site today. We're going to give it a deal with doctor. Who in real life fossil. Sorry not you got actual fossil. I'm not that'll a fossil. Found in australia has been named after the great doctor who actor tom baker from here on out of probably going to mexico the names and the science. But i find this fascinating the The fossil is a type of trilobite named all daego. Give it a guy grevy grevy. Columbine banchory are holding halloween bakery by dr patrick smith and multi back yet found the fossil in the golden group in northern tasmania. The gravity culkeen bakery sounds like swayed get maybe eastern european. Oh yes i love that. Buck lavar i love to go down to the drive academy badri and get some graphic kalemie. We type of trauma trial abides are some of the first early animals on or depending what you believe. A giant hoax played in us by the devil. Oh yeah what. It is so elaborate. I'll he is such a practical joke. They are interposed. So creatures with an exoskeleton like a crab or scorpions. He doesn't sound nice. How they taste Dr smith anybody have dated the gravity columbine bakery to the -cation stage of the late old adult period or about four hundred and fifty million years ago. Cbs not that long yesterday is really last week. I believe four hundred and fifty million years ago was the last time we were allowed to go outside. Yeah actually was at the first three. Yeah that's right. That's when the pandemic scurvy kalemie. Trello bites have only previously been discovered mostly in the us but also around wiles to the one in mistrial. That's correct and we named him after. Tommy well they named him off to tommy 'cause they found him say and the doctors public published their findings in september. Twenty twenty both credit tom. Baker's fourth doctor with inspiring them to go into science and said the decision to name the trial about after him wasn't easy one so you always hear about people saying you know star trek but got them into science hardly ever. Do we hear about people who are into doctor who getting into science quite lovely. There's probably more than we hear about..
Horror Fictional and True Stories
"fifty million years" Discussed on Horror Fictional and True Stories
"My clothing was in rags and my whole body was a mass of bruises and scratches ho consciousness. Return very slowly and at no time. Could i tell just where delirious dream left off and true memory began there. It seemed to be amount of titan blocks and abyss beneath it monsters revelation from the past and a nightmare. Horror at the end. How much of this was real. My flashlight was gone and likewise any metal case may have discovered had there been such a case or any abyss or any mound raising my head. I looked behind me and saw only the style. Undulent sands of a desert. The demon wind died down and the bloated fungoides moon sank threateningly in the west. I lurched to my feet and began to stagger south westward toward the camp. What in truth. It happened to me. Had i merely collapsed in the desert and dragged a dream racked body over miles of sand buried blocks. If not how could. I bear to live any longer for in this new doubt. All my faith in the myth born unreality of my visions dissolved once more into the hellish older doubting if that abyss was real than the great race was real and it's blasphemous reachings and seizures in the cosmos wide. Bortex of time were no myths are nightmares. But a terrible soul shattering actuality hadi and full hideous fact been drawn back to pre human world of one hundred and fifty million years ago in those dark baffling days of the amnesia. And my present body been the vehicle of a frightful alien consciousness from paleocene. Gulfs of time had is the captive mind. Those shambling horrors indeed known that curse city of stone in its primordial heyday and wriggled down. Those familiar corridors in the loathsome shape of my captor with those tormenting dreams of more than twenty years. The offspring of stark monstrous memories had..
Being Well with Dr. Rick Hanson
Accepting Our Needs
"Every one of us has needs. There's no avoiding them when our needs aren't met it's natural for us to feel stressed and worried frustrated and hurt but equally. Sometimes it can be really uncomfortable to accept that we have needs in the first place. And it's common for many people to enter a cycle consciously or otherwise where. They're both frustrated that their needs aren't being met and frustrated at themselves for having needs at all. Today we're gonna talk about needs including importantly how we can identifier core needs get better at accepting those needs and maybe even find some healthy ways to meet the needs of other people. Tell us. do that enjoyed today. As usual by dr cancelled so dad. How are you doing today. I'm actually really good for us. Thanks for asking and some adult children. Stop asking their parents how they're doing so regular opportunity. That's very welcome. If you're a got adult kids you know you'll maybe get a chuckle out of this part and also. Yeah that's pretty real very real and also the subject is enormously interesting in part because it is grounded fundamentally he and three and a half billion years of evolution of life on this planet nets as real as it gets the life and death struggles of all of our ancestors reaching back in an unbroken line of descent of course to the very earliest creatures who somehow managed to live to see the sunrise to pass on genes that passed on. Jane's that became eventually the blueprint for us. Today that's the framework fundamentally for addressing our needs and soda nest. That discussion of needs. That can seem very psychological. A little woo may be in superficial in that. Had profound life and death forging of our capabilities to meet needs. Survival and passing on. Jeans is wonderfully interesting. Yeah so let's kind of talk about that and let's just start there in our book that we wrote together. Resilient we talked about there being three core needs safety satisfaction and connection. You've kind of already done that and your little deduction there but would you mind kind of explaining these briefly including sort of where they come from. We've covered some of this material in the past so we might do this kind of quickly. Great well this notion of the three major needs having to do with safety satisfaction and connection as umbrella terms is fundamental model really in biology and also in psychology and boil down. If you think about yourself maybe. Twenty thousand years ago excluding around the south of france during an ice age trying to avoid sabertooth tigers. You're a hunter gatherer. You're trying to get a meal or yourself. A million years ago in a small hamad band who were able to make fire and manufactured tools with brains roughly half to two thirds of the size of you today even further back about yourself starting to crawl out of the primordial sees three pro izzo well three hundred and fifty million years ago. Your early lizard like creature. It had i- hop scotched a little bit rock. Anyway what are you gonna do. What are you gotta do. What do you need will number one. Don't get don't die today strata. That's a big one number to get a meal. Get fed each some today. Okay so now. We're we're moving the satisfaction satisfaction the then third if you can procreate pass on your genes or fast forward it to stone age humans or us today. Basically don't die today get fed today. Get a hug today That kind of summarizes our needs. And if we don't meet our needs fundamentally especially biologically for a protracted period of time you know what happens for us. i. I have some guesses. You die yeah okay. Yeah so it can get very very real. Yeah for sure. So maybe bringing it into people's experience these days one of the reasons that the pandemic and all of its associated challenges has been so tough for so many people is that in a manner to attacked each of those core needs. It's attacked her. Need for safety because while it's a pandemic it's a deadly virus. It's attack our need for satisfaction because we can't get as many of the things that we used to get and certainly attacked our need for connection where we're more disconnected from people. Were more isolated. We feel more separated. Were doing this through zoom rather than doing it in person you know whatever. Your personal example is the ultimate anchor for meeting needs is raw physical survival so at the ultimate point where potentially dealing with hazards or situations could be in terms of physical body continuing think of that is the most route challenge to the need for safety and we can also be in situations where we starve to death. We cannot access food a lot of hunter gatherers and even agrarians even fairly recently face starvation and even in america today there are millions of people who day to day live with what's called food insecurity and it's estimated loosely that about a billion people worldwide. Go to bed hungry every night. And so this is a real to okay. That's an example in which the lack of satisfaction in a sounds as anchored physically. And we can even say it as well. Socially there's research that shows that certainly in early childhood if infants toddlers who are put into really situations because they're given up for adoption and then they're just languishing and some hospital and nobody touches them for long periods of time or prematurely born infants. Who were not touched. That too can pose a lethal threat but much of the time especially in modern developing countries challenges to the sense of safety tend to be more psychological indicated by feelings of anxiety where anger or helplessness. Those are three big flags challenges to the need for satisfaction that could have to do with accomplishing things or feeling successful or making more money. Being able to access pleasure of different kinds well impediments to the meeting of these for satisfaction are marked by feelings of disappointment loss frustration or immobilization or marked by driven us too extreme and addictions
Startuprad.io - Startup Podcast from Germany
"fifty million years" Discussed on Startuprad.io - Startup Podcast from Germany
"To one of the founders of frankfurt-based iconic lap this iconic with a seat instead of acute Which wants to be the largest crypto asset manager in europe. then this lovely city moonstone. The founders of beverage delivery startup flashing post translating message in a bottle just sold the company to jump food giant at now. They invest in h. Architects dot up for wednesday caught echo meter which enables at work. Let's talk a little bit about cheap ing in germany. Biotech startup cubic. Also one of the Companies biotech start-ups working on a cure for aw vaccination for corona which listed on nasdaq in summer. Twenty twenty working on a corona vaccination is planning to raise additional capital which could amount to six hundred million. Us dollars duesseldorf very nicely. The in i would say north west of terni chris. Would you agree. West north rhine-westphalia Based e findings platform compe- eon closes fifty million years. Serious seat venture capital funding with government bank in our w bank joining previous investors including todd development bank and as munich each received twenty million venture capital for the production off connected Bring twenty twenty. They had to let go one hundred four hundred fifty employees so it appears they just turned the corner christian. And you believe we have some Other news from jim speaking countries yes other german speaking countries First of all looking at austria The australian unicorn kanda the vienna based collado. Ai collado is a company that offers a service. One can automatically cut the picture of a human out of a background and we have the australian crypto startup startup hero and the hero coin which got acquired by international by the international gambling group. Novo matic or which is also from austria so probably they would call noval madij on sometimes concert and switzerland. The swiss travel portal check raised forty seven million euros by selling new shares end last but not least the Another country with german as an official language but probably not the country with the small group of german as an official language which i think must be belgium..
Weird Wacky Wonderful Stories Podcast
"fifty million years" Discussed on Weird Wacky Wonderful Stories Podcast
"Talking to a phd professor. He earned his doctorate from princeton university. Which is one of america's ivy league schools and it was teaching that i d league four year college here in the state and his field was world war two and european history and i told him. Us had the ability to take very high altitude photographs. Forty thousand feet or more back in world war two. He emphatically argued knee said no. That was not possible. Did not happen. So i as a gentleman please professor and i imagine the name of another researcher at harvard university shipping legend that who actually had a contract to make special lenses for united states. Army air court at that time and then he left. What we ran off in a huff. I ran into him about maybe three or four weeks later. He came up and he was all apologetic and he said i am sorry you were right. I looked up demand in the literature. We did have that capability. That's an example. Phd's at least in the united states. And i would think it's also true in europe and the rest of the world are overly specialized so outside of their area specialization. They're really not. Phd's so we have to remember that. And that's the bottom. This fellow specialized in mostly a political history of europe at that time. Not the military history or or hard world war or that's an why are science can't find these things because of the over specialize nature we would say here in the uk that blinkered those blink you have on hoses to keep them looking ahead. That's how we will turn that kind of thing here. And i think that's roy mainstream science in general as you said i think a lot of it. He's down to the funding that they receive funding that they receive very often very narrow. I want you to research and find an answer to this and they tend to be very single minded and just go one route. And i think that's actually held us back over the years. Well you and i are right. We agree with each other and that is a problem but we have to deal with the reality of the way. Academic research is done and it requires funding and it requires money. And you're dealing with tenure dealing with all kinds of political issues within a discipline so that's the way it is. I i wish we could change it but we have been able to change it in the states. I don't feel to do in europe. But no i don't think so either. A lot of what you've said is something that will resonate really well with our listeners. Especially the idea of this ancient civilizations e these ancient intelligence locations and the idea that maybe they could have come from mazal. Whatever it is that link there. I can go with that. Because it's like we're doing now. And maybe the old adage that history repeats itself is that we're looking for if we continue to damage this planet the way we are. Then we're looking to find another base if you like offer us and if the inhabitants of mars back hundred million years ago sold that there was an impending material or something like that had in their way. Then yeah maybe they did come to a to try and escape their demise. Well i can tell you things that are probably aleve embroil. You may want to use them for another show. But i'll just leave you coral. I think they're parole. There is evidence in mexico. This is gonna be shocking. Shocked the daylights out of me that an intelligent civilization existed. They're over seven hundred fifty million years ago. I the images filed in mexico. I think they're also called. Klaus donna images. They show images of of people that had cone shaped heads there in mexico. And they're all in mexico they've been around for about eighty years or so but not the haven't been to popularized in two thousand twelve. They were series of stories written about him but they actually exist. And the i mean the images their artifacts and their actual carvings install show images of individual people. That look like that. Have they have cones shaped head. Which is very difficult for most people to see to accept but as part of those images there was an image that look like a planet with two rings around it was i interpreted as an ice rink and another one was a debris ring and then there was the moon which i was able to identify this as the earth and it was an image carved in stone but the which was from space and the image show something very unique. It shows a supercontinent. A super competent is when the various continents separate and then eventually collect together. Then they'd be separate and they collect together. They separate the collect the gutter. The process takes two hundred fifty million years. Well one of the company has been identified. I was able to identified as the supercontinent row denia now the supercontinent rhodesia assembled about a billion years ago maybe nine hundred million years ago and went extinct hundred and fifty million years ago so the image which is totally unbelievable and stunning in the extreme challenges. Everything that are signed as has done. And we'll do is. That was an intelligent civilization on the earth over seven hundred and fifty million years ago in which is now extinct and apparently the civilization had access to interplanetary space white now whether the civilization originated on her or whether it originated somewhere else. We don't know but the evidence is there. So did you find that. As amazing as i did. Yeah absolutely how did we arrive at Seven hundred and fifty million years. I'll tell you that yield physics. These the discipline that studies the kinda played. They were able by looking at the movements of the continent they were able to assemble the super confidence from the movement of the continent. Did the communists they draw back. You get a super con. Then they break them apart and the and they could see another super cotton. They break it apart. The company out that it's all they've processed it's found that a field of geophysics and the supercontinent is called rhodesia d. i n. you can look it. Up on google it was identified about nineteen ninety it's a real supercontinent and our geophysicist. I'm not a geophysicist. I should study that. But i'm not a geophysicist. They actually found that that continent didn't exist. It was assembled about nine hundred years ago and it went extinct seven hundred and fifty million years ago. So that's a super confident really did exist in the agent pat as far as the intelligent life. That's even more controversial but the images in mexico indicate that.
60-Second Science
Archaeologists delved into medieval cesspits to study old gut microbiomes
"Time than it takes to drink a cup of coffee you can learn about muscle mass loss during spaceflight track the migration of asian hornets and explore the supernova. That caused extinctions at the end of the devonian period subscribed to science sessions on itunes spotify. Google play stitcher. And wherever you get your podcasts. I'm scientific american assistant news editor. Sarah lou frazier. And here's a short piece from the january. Twenty twenty one issue of the magazine in the section called advances dispatches from the frontiers of science technology and medicine. The article is titled quick hits. And it's a rundown of some non corona virus stories from around the globe in costa rica researchers embedded gps devices in decoy sea turtle eggs to track poaching patterns in their first field test. Five of the hundred and one decoys which had similar size weight and texture to real eggs traveled significantly potentially reaching consumers in latvia dna harvested from a seven hundred year old public toilet in riga as well as a six hundred year old cesspit in jerusalem will help researchers examine. Human microbiomes have evolved over time. Microbial dna from both sites matches some species common in modern hunter gatherers and some in today's city-dwellers in antarctica. New analysis suggests a fifty million year old foot bone found on seymour. Island comes from a species of bird whose wingspan reaches six point. Four meters across the researchers also attributed part of a large jawbone with tooth like structures to the species in a madagascar garden researchers found several volts goes chameleons a rare species whose females can change from green to vivid black white and blue excited. The short lived species had not been documented for more than one hundred years and no females were previously recorded at all in indonesia. new research shows that fluffy but venus slow lawrence's frequently bite one another to settle territorial disputes a rarity in venomous animals in australia an enormous newfound coral reef off the continents northern coast is taller than the empire state building rising more than five hundred meters above the sea floor considered part of the great barrier reef. It is the first detached reef structure discovered there in one hundred and twenty years. That was quick hits. I'm sarah lewin frazier.
Scientific Sense
"fifty million years" Discussed on Scientific Sense
"Well Funny you should ask to this week. At the meeting of the american astronomical society was announced that there is a new recordholder for early and massive black hole and The black hole was observed. At what we say the redshift of seven point six which means about six hundred fifty million years after the big bang. The mass of this black hole is just under two billion solar masses. So it's actually not the largest black hole of the eighty seven black hole is six billion but to form a two billion solar mass black hole Only six hundred and fifty million years after the big bang is a is quite a feat so it actually does challenge some of the theories of black hole seed formation Even more than they've been challenged in the past so that's the evidence of quasars early in the history of the universe. does that sort of settle the chicken neck. Problem could be actually say it's more likely that the supermassive black holes games first and then galaxy formed around. It will you. Might you might think that accept These black holes that formed really early. These really early. Quasars are extremely rare and so they probably formed in exceptional regions where there is evidence. We we do see evidence that there's a galaxies a huge galaxy surrounding of this black hole. So so we do know that there are Big galaxies that formed this early in the universe of but most of the black hole formation probably occurred much later and it probably is hard to disentangle whether it precedes or follows or is simultaneous with the The development of the galaxy The host galaxy. So so it's actually. It's a closely run thing. It's really hard to separate which came first. I think there is some evidence that some black hole formation formed before most of the stars in their host galaxies might have been Created a think the evidence is Is really that firm. You take a quick break niche and to come.
PODSHIP EARTH
Birding with Dr Meredith Williams
"Berta. Volt from more than one. Hundred and fifty million years ago and then explosively diversified culminating in more than ten thousand species distributed worldwide. Today are human. Relationship to beds is complex to seen as spirit messengers of the gods and at the same time. We took the wild red jungle fowl. From india and selectively bred into domesticated chickens the now farmed in cages feathers have been used for thousands of years and indigenous headpieces and at the same time but has like parrots and parakeets a kept as pets bird poop called guana was used as the first fertilize of modern agriculture. And charles darwin study of galapagos finches was to the formulation of evolution. Buds are all around us. We are closer to bed than any other wild animals birds. I literally and figuratively are canaries in the coal mine. Their wellbeing is our wellbeing threats to buds range from habitat loss including logging climate change industrial farming with pesticides invasive species and even cats. These will had a devastating impact on the bird populations of the us and canada. Which in just the last fifty years have declined by. Three billion birds danton insane. Thirty percent of all birds gone. Three billion pez of wings have vanished ever across our continent from sea to shining sea. Luckily birds have strong allies in their corner. There an estimated sixty million active bird watches in the us alone and with the pandemic shutting down so much of our country. We have flocking to bird watching like never before everything from bird feeders. To binoculars have been in short supply and this year the birding app e bird collected more sightings in a single day the was admitted during the first two and a half years of the apps existence. I must admit coming late to the bird-watching pardee. But thanks to dr meredith williams. That's about to change. I'm lucky enough to work with meredith every day in her role. Running one of the most important and complex agencies in california governor. The department of toxic substance control. Dr williams received two undergraduate degree from yale and a doctorate in physics from north carolina. State university meredith then worked and silicon valley fortune. Five hundred companies in the technology consumer product and chemical sectors meredith left the private sector to follow her passion for wetlands and birds and led the san francisco estuary institute as we'll hear. Meredith journey is about so much more than her resume. Meredith nine meet apt get ready for my maiden watching invention merit so we're about to go hopefully bed watching what. What do we need to bring with us while like what. What's what's in the bird watching backpack almost nothing. Which is great binoculars. Of course are your starting point. So i hope you have some inaugurals. I know you were looking for some recently. You gave me some good advice. But i get any but we all kind of professional but what just like you would have an extra pair. Do thought so. It's in the office but we could stop on the way out of town. Not of that sound. No we should. We should yeah. You just kind of out now. Okay okay so you got the binoculars. How do you if you're starting out. It's surprising how good have gotten very affordable these days so i mean it's still a lot to invest but ask a bird watcher. They might have an extra pair. That's the first place you might wanna try like them. What do you well. first of. All there are lots of different kinds of birdwatchers in terms of some people. Want to count every burden get really long list. And they track every single birthday they see. It's about the numbers of the that very unique bird and they chase vagrant birds that fly in unusually and they're rushing off to see that bird so there those kind of bird watchers I'm a bird watcher. Just watch one bird for a long time. I liked bird behavior. just i'm just fascinated by them. And i think they're beautiful so i could just end up watching one bird for for quite a while you can just take it. In at whatever level you want in terms of the variety birds that you could see and how you would just experience them and enjoy them. So and i think the only way to find that out is to bert. Watch a little and see what grabs you What you do sounds really peaceful. The first thing that sounds the first thing sounds more. Like in england as a whole breed of people go train spotters and i always kind of identified them with bird watchers. Like it's really about. How many things. You've you've been able to capture and less about the bird the thing that you'll doing just sounds like being a peaceful will watching another animal even the people who are energized. That way unless they're doing a big day which would be a day when they map it out to see as many birds as they can. In a single day they're not necessarily rushing around even they are going to have moments of really enjoying a bird and even somebody like me chased around golden gate park looking for a rare warbler. That's very rarely in san francisco. There's an amiability amongst birdwatchers is really camaraderie. People are so nice. There's always somebody better in terms of being a better bird watcher. Meaning they either can identify birds better or you know they just have a lot of experience for the a little bit about. The ecology and people are so happy to share their information. That it's really wonderful. That's one of the things i like about it. And it tends to be every now and then you get into group and there'll be somebody who's a little loud but by and large the the folks are really kind of it's easy to get in a groove with with birdwatchers and settled and gopher along stroll and see some great birds. But what's there everywhere that it's a it's a big i mean like it huge movement and it's growing apparently it's one of the fastest growing outdoor activities. There is it's it is just kind of crazy places where i been going for ten years and cues to be just me and five or six friends maybe and now parking lot and i think the pandemic has made it even more so where a lot of people. That's how they wanna get outdoors or they've they've just kind of discovering it because they know it is one of the only ways to be outdoors so i think it's going to continue to grow which i think is great because then more people are connected to the natural world which obviously makes them care about it more. How did you get into meredith like what. What was your journey into bed watching. I mean i liked birds always in the yard growing up in ohio. You know the robbins and the blue jays. There was a hill in town. And i used to ride my bike up in the hill early in the morning and i would always see birdwatchers and i said when i'm old air quotes. I'm going to bird watch. And i kind of that seed was planted but i didn't really bird-watching until my three say in my thirties. I started volunteering for the san francisco. Bay national wildlife refuges. That you know are on the perimeter of the bay. You know them well getting restored a lot of them Back to title harsh. And i when i volunteered i would be doing everything from pulling out. Invasive plants to building shells but there are always birds around and i just became more and more and more fascinated with the birds invested in binoculars and just started creeping in. You join the audubon society and suddenly you're getting news about different outings and the next thing you know you're you're pretty far in foreign now. I'm foreign. I'm not pretty far and have taken a couple bird vacations. Which i think says that. I'm pretty far in. But what do those entail. The longest trip i took was to go to brazil to the pantanal. Which is a very large wetland like the mecca of bud watching their many mecca. It is a mecca over the course of two weeks. We just went out every morning. We get up before sunrise. Be moving by six o'clock at the latest. Usually more like five thirty and we went to a place that's called the parrot crater a giant sinkhole. And it's all a lot of parents live down in the sinkhole. And so you look down. A new parrots lying around in a simple it was tremendous and we ended up seen two hundred different species of birds there along with some giant giant eaters river otter is and it was quite a trip but the birds were spectacular.
Talking Biotech Podcast
"fifty million years" Discussed on Talking Biotech Podcast
"Welcome to the talking biotech. podcast cast. It's the weekly podcast about agriculture. In medicine with an emphasis on biotechnology and the good things we can do for people and a planet kevin fulda. I'm a professor podcast host. Who really cares about science communication and wants you to know the current events that are happening in the field of biotechnology. Today we're going to venture into some space that we have not yet ventured into. And i i really feel neglected because one of the coolest organisms in the world in terms of <hes>. Being kind of at the front edge of a lot of different processes is algae from its potential use in animal feed to its ability to sequester carbon to be able to produce biofuels and many other different products. Algae has been an organism that people have looked at very carefully for quite a few years now. And it's completely inexcusable. That i have not covered here yet so with that in mind. We have an expert. Dr steven mayfield. Who's a professor at the university of california san diego and the director of the california center for lg biotechnology. Welcome to the podcast. Steve thanks for having me kevin. This is great. Because i really appreciate you as a scientist but i really enjoyed all the time. We've gotten the hang out in the last few years and i've learned so much from you. So thank you for doing this. Yeah can i. Can i start podcast by correcting you on something. Sure no you said. We haven't discussed algiere thought too much about algae every single one of us. Every day has an algae product that we use. Guess what that is <hes>. Let me see day. Algae either agressor ice cream or something will. It could be as goes but it turns out. It's gasoline so one hundred percent of our petroleum is ancient fossil algae. It's not melting dinosaurs. It's not plant. Those became coal. All crude oil comes from algae so every time you drive a car every time you pick up a plastic spoon every time you have touch any chemical. You're touching ancient algae oil. Wow that's really cool. I'd say i was one of those <hes>. firm believers that. When i was putting gas in the car i was putting in cycads and weird weird old dinosaur plants and that you know where i thought i was doing. Everyone thinks it's melted dinosaurs and in fact all fossil fuel is much older than the dinosaurs. They're only go back about sixty five million years and some of the crude oil that pull out of the ground goes back three hundred and fifty million years. Wow that was only algae back then. It was only algae. Yeah there wasn't any kind of dinosaur or any there weren't there weren't any large or so let let's really start there with the fundamentals and that's a great point that you make and if we were to describe what algae is to somebody what is it in. Why is it an attractive system to harness for the production of useful bio-molecules well so the little liberal definition of it is really simple. It is just aquatic photosynthetic organisms. So it's just plants that live one hundred percent. Water both micro algae. That's the ones. I primarily work with a little tiny guys that you can barely see and then we have macro algae or kelp and both of those fallen algae and the reason they are cool things in the reason we think about him is because they are the most efficient photosynthetic organisms on the planet much more efficient than terrestrial plants like corn or sugarcane etc. And because they dominate the oceans. There's just a lot of stuff that they make that we use you mentioned ice cream. That's just one of them. Sushi the wrapping on sushi nutraceutical. Of course the list goes on and on so you say. They're very efficient photosynthesis. What is it that makes them so efficient. Well so even though we worry about. Climate change now in the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in fact photosynthesis evolved as when the carbon levels. The co two levels were much higher in the atmosphere than they are today <hes>. So when cyanobacteria showed up about three and a half billion years ago twenty percent of the atmosphere was co two animals could not live. Not not only us microorganisms. Couldn't live back then. There was no oxygen oxygen. A huge amount of co two cyanobacteria showed up. They turned all of that co two into fixed carbon. That's why we have petroleum and oxygen and once that oxygen became available. Then the rest of the world you know the rest of the animals could show up in survive right. So what does that mean. What that means is that the enzymes that fix carbon evolved had a time when the co two levels were much higher so plants are actually inefficient at the level of co two. We have in the atmosphere today. Four hundred parts per million at one time it was twenty thousand parts per million so believe it or not the enzymes that fix co to do much better at higher. Co two levels. Well in water you can saturate water much higher. Concentrations of co two than four hundred parts per million and that's commonly what happens right. The co two levels are much higher in the oceans. They're hiring aquatic than they are in the air and therefore algae grow. There are more efficient than plants. So it's not that the enzymes are different. It's not that the sunlight is different or any of the rest of the parts of photosynthesis. It's simply that there's higher levels of c o two so
Building Psychological Strength
"fifty million years" Discussed on Building Psychological Strength
"Mind doesn't learn grow and change by thinking. It seems contradictory. But you can't think way out of a mindset problem that's not how it works our thoughts. Our feelings and our behaviors operate on a powerful feedback loop and it's our behaviors not our thoughts that begin to chip away at the anxiety and the fear that the impostor syndrome causes. So let's walk through an example. Let's go back to that watering hole. I talked about before. There's really no way to show your mind that the water in that watering hole is safe just by thinking about it. You can't prove to your mind that there's no bacteria in that water just by sitting there staring at it and thinking about it the fastest way. I'll in this context a bit risky but the fastest way to show your mind that the watering hole is safe is to drink out of it and not die now similarly the only way to prove to our imposter syndrome. Mind that this new goal or this new action. We're gonna take is in fact not going to kill us is to take the action to use behavior to show our mind that we're going to be safe to build familiarity in a new domain. It sounds so simple right but sometimes simple. Things are not easy and this is one of those times. It's not easy because while we're attempting to do the behavior or take the action. Our minds will so loud and try to dissuade us from acting. Now this is where a second core principle of the mind comes in so the first principle is keep you alive while expanding the least amount of energy possible. Here's a second one those automatic thoughts those imposter syndrome thoughts that you experience. Those are generated by your limbic system. Which means you did not generate them though slots are not you. Those thoughts actually have very little to do with you or the reality of the context. You're in there simply your old mind running a habit loop it learned over a hundred and fifty million years ago. In contrast you are the deliberate part of your mind. The thoughtful part the voice of reason logic com centeredness the true entrepreneur asset. You do not have to engage with the thoughts that your limbic system sends you. You can simply acknowledge them and move on now. The best way that i've learned to do this it's crazy but to actually have a conversation with that part of my mind when you think about it. That part of your mind is actually a very caring part. It has your best interest at heart so having a conversation that goes something like hey i see you. I see all that you're trying to do for me to keep me safe. And i really appreciate it but i need you to trust me. I've got this. I've.
BrainStuff
Why Is a Brain-Shaped Blob In Canada?
"Stuff. This is Krista. Sager. lagoons are famous for creepy swamp preachers but in Canadian Park in Vancouver British, Columbia scientists have found something possibly just as outlandish a slimy gelatinous brain blob. Well, okay. It's not really a brain and it's not really even an it. It's a collection of tiny creatures collectively called a magnificent bryozoans or also known by its Latin name as Pectin Tele. MAGNIFICO this colony forms a brain shaped mass can grow to be larger than a human head and I think we can all agree that's a really weird now bryozoans sometimes, they're also called Maas animals there an. Ancient Group of filter feeders. The earliest fossil evidence of one of these colonies can be dated back about four hundred, seventy, million years individually each tiny invertebrate called Zo Lloyd Ken just barely be seen with the naked eye it's only about half a millimeter or about point zero, two inches long. But when hundreds of them assemble, they can glue themselves together with a special protein to form all sorts of shapes, sheets, columns, and even branched tree like structures. Now, actually, fossilized bryozoans are among the world's most abundant fossils as well, and you can find them in rocks originating more than four hundred. And fifty million years ago up until the present, their colonies start with a single zoysia which asexually reproduces until it's got an entire army of clones to hang out with most bryozoans, species live in marine habitats but the one found in Vancouver's Stanley Park belongs in freshwater it just doesn't really belong in Vancouver Canada this August the Stanley. Park Ecology Society held its annual bio blitz a community event in which citizens scientists survey the park identifying hundreds of organisms in twenty four hours in the lost lagoon, which is the parks bio filtration pond blitz goers discovered the giant slimy football shaped. Bribes zone thousands of miles from home. Their usual range is decidedly to the south of Canada and east of the Mississippi River and it turns out. This isn't the first time. A magnificent bryozoans has been found in this part of Canada and nobody can tell whether they're staying either. But why they're there is a different question like with most migrating or these days warming global temperatures might have opened the door of the great white north to these probably ecologically harmless blobs they need a water temperature warmer than sixty degrees Fahrenheit or sixteen degrees Celsius in order to make a go of it.
On The Ledge
Sowalong: Growing Ferns from Spores
"I'll be covering the so along in various ways in the coming weeks but this first episode is answering demand that many of you have heard which is for information on propagating funds and this isn't so much of so long as a spore along because as we'll be finding out from an expert. Peter Blake growing new baby. Funds isn't quite the same as sowing seeds of other plants. If you're wondering why on earth you'd ever bother with growing houseplants from C. Because hey it's easy enough to walk into your nearest Garden Centre or Plant. Btk and pick up full-size plants Let me just explain I? It's cheap and if you're the kind of person who doesn't have a lot of extra income to splash out on buying plots then you can pick up a range of house. Plants CPAC is for a few pounds or dollars or whatever your local currency may be and you can get from that packet a large number of plants which then you could sell give to friends and family or just keep to turn your home into a tangle jungle so it's a cheap way of getting lots of lovely plants it also really gives you fantastic insight into how those plots grow plus rather than buying a plant in a nursery. That's been called within an inch of its life in the APP sleet computer controlled perfect environment. You'll be bringing up a plant in your own home which will be adapted to your conditions. That said there are some drawbacks. It does take up a fair bit of room. You may need a few bits of equipment and you'll need a specially formulated potting. Mix Feed your seeds to go into. We'll be looking at there's aspects of the so long in upcoming episodes but as I say to get in touch. Tell me how your plants growing on the you've sewn in previous oh lungs and what else. You'd like to know because there's still plenty of time to contribute. I spoke to Peter Blake who has many of experience with Ferns to find out how it's done. Here's Peter to introduce himself pharmafirm enthusiast. Who's been growing fans for about fifteen years now? Both hardy ferns in the And tender tropical ferns in glasshouses. I've been in the British territory Logical Society. Which is the basically the fern society for the UK For that length of time and I've had a great deal of help and support through then And also have had a lot of sports from them because they operate a spaw exchange system at the beginning of each year. I guess this is kind of Botany Wanna one. But why are we propagating funds from spores and not from seeds? Can you just explain? Explain that to us. Because not everyone's going to know the the reproductive processes of the Fund particularly well pearn saw unusual and they'll basically quite primitive plants along with a number of other spore producing plants like mosses but they all vascular plants so they're a bit more advanced to the mosses but what they do is they produce a spool which is very small and light and can travel a long way. The Fun self that we're used to seeing in the Gulf and or an apart- he's actually a plan that has no gender. It's not the male no female and dispositive producers Equally male and female. But those little spores if they learned in the right place will cause a second plant to grow which scientifically is called a domestic fights or a pro selous and that little plant which most of people have not ever recognized because they're so small actually is a sexual plant and it has both male and female sex organs. The male sex organs are called the answer India and the female sex organs are cold. They ought to go near an effect effectively. The anterior produced little swimming things like sperm and they travel through a film of Water Which is why the profile. I need I'm to grow And they traveled through that film of water to the goon. Yeah where they will search allies an egg in in that place and Once the eggs fertilized begin to divide and we'll grow into a new phone which will look like once used to seeing so the sexual pulse of life cycle is by faith. Life Cycle is the domestic flights and the SX. You'll part the part that produces the spoils is cool. So let me. It sounds complicated. It's a system that's worked very well for Ferns for the last three hundred and fifty million years so it it certainly ineffective system indeed and it's something that is new to many of us who've perhaps grown plants from seed. The procedure is a little bit different. How do we know? First of all that a firm is ready to be harvested for spores. Firm can carry spools in a number of ways. It's always on a front. Which is what we call leaf. Basically we call them friends Unusually for particularly for the funds that we see as natives in the UK Those fronts look very much all the same whether they carry spores or not And so if you turn the front over on just playing green on the back they probably don't go to any sports if you turn the from Dover and look at the back of an east coverage and little brown spots then those what's cool soreye and those are the little collections that actually contain the spores. Some funds will get a completely separate type of front looks different from the rest of the of the plant to carry those balls in Sarai these little collections and ones that do things like Royal Sun which you sometimes see growing next to water middle. Have a big plume in the middle Covered in Soreye. And you can sit because as a golden brown coal aware of the rest of the plant is green. But generally for most funds that we come across commonly the Sore I carrying this buzzer on the back of the front. If they're very young Soraya not ripe yet they will appear white or Pale Green when they're just coming to the right sorts of ripeness to collect them they turn the sorts of time. Color generally wind up going over and released that Spos- they've gone. They don't Brown. What actually happens in that Source is the source contain lots of little containers which could spur NGO which actually contain the spores and those Speranza when they're ripe. If the winds dries little bits will burst open. And actually fire the spoils out so if you take a Franz where you're beginning to see the Tan colored Soraya on the back and you put on a piece of white paper in a warm dry place like the iron covered or in the dining room table or something like that whether or not drafts. If you need to overnight in the morning if you lift front off you will find that there was a person of Sarai on the paper where the sprint. You have phya down the schools. And they've actually hit the paper and stuck to it so you can get the very nice sorts of shadow picture of the front just may down to the poor scientists released.
Science Talk
How To Make a Mass Extinction
"This episode. Not so scary but exciting citing that we're kind of in the most consequential few decades in the past few hundred million years. That's Peter Brennan. On his website. He describes himself as a placental mammal camel but he's also an award winning journalist and the author of the book the ends of the world volcanic apocalypse lethal oceans and our quest to understand understand. Earth's past mass extinctions a book that the journal Science called a surprisingly lyrical investigation of Earth's mass extinctions in New York City recently and we sat down together to talk about the book midway through our discussion. We'll take a break for a short segment sponsored by the Cavalry Prize with Stanford neuroscientists scientists Carlos shots which perhaps surprisingly has some connections with the discussion of mass extinctions. And now Peter Brandon. Let's talk about mass extinction all right. The book is really kind of a survey of the great mass extinctions in the history of our our planet. Yeah there's a reason though that you go through all that and that's related to what's happening today right. Yeah I really wrote it because I think in the popular imagination mass extinctions or what happens when big rocks from space at the planet. And I'd noticed that there was this really interesting thing. Conversation going on in the geology community over the last thirty years or so where yes and asteroids seems to have something to do with why the dinosaurs went extinct. But they're all these Older mass extinctions some of which were much more severe and almost all of them had to do with severe rapid climate change driven by changes in carbon dioxide basically atmosphere. And so I thought there was both this sort of sci-fi story about these sort of lost worlds that you might not be familiar with 'cause unfamiliar with the dinosaurs but The planet really has been a bunch of different plants over its lifetime and so if I thought that was really interesting to write about but there's also this news hook about. Hey we're starting starting to pull some of the same lovers that have been pulled in the worst things that have ever happened this time. We're pulling the levers in the past natural Rossi's of the levers rate. Yeah so in the past this has happened. It's been for the most part sort of tectonic cataclysms So when one of the mass extinctions there's some weird stuff going on with mountain building that might draw down. Co Two and plunged into an ice age but for a bunch of the mass extinctions actually are seem to be associated with these huge apocalyptic volcanic events called large provinces were just an unimaginable amount of lava comes out of the earth covering Thousands of are actually in one case three million square miles But law alone. If it comes out part of the world can't kill everything on the planet has to be you know because things on the other side of the planet seemed to be going extinct. In these mass extinctions scientists are trying to figure out what that must have something to do with the gases that are coming out at the same time. And what you see in some of the mass extinctions but if you know how to read the rocks if you're a really clever geochemists you can see that there are. These huge injections of carbon dioxide is the air from these volcanoes. And you can tell that it gets really warm. The Ocean starts to lose its oxygen and this thing called Ocean acidification. which we're doing now? which is what happens when too much co two reacts with seawater is is happening in these mass extinctions too? So it's sort of unnerving to see that you know we're not there yet but Were trending direction. Where if you go too far down that road that it can really be all breaks loose right? A lot of people have said we are in the midst of the sixth mass extinction but the scientists who talked to are a little more conservative conservative than that. Well I think paleontologists are certainly you know if you're a conservation biologist or any area and ecologist you can just see this tragedy unfolding all around to you and I'm not trying to minimize the the catastrophic damage. Humans have done to the planet. But I think it's actually. It's both worrying that we could even be in the same conversation as these mass extinctions because these are just you're turning everything up to eleven and trying as hard as you kill everything on the planet. I mean this is the the end the boundary boundary sort of condition for how hard the planet can be pushed. And we're not there yet. which the good news? We still have time to save the planet and that's really the point of that Sort of discussed in the book that you know. We're driving species extinct at a crazy rate today. But they're still time before we get to the level love you know when the asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs when these giant volcanos were happening. So there's time to save the the turn the ship around and it's sort of scary but exciting we're kind of the most consequential few decades in in the past few hundred million years. It's really up to us to to avert to avert this Scott in a mind boggling and I didn't mean to minimize what's going on right now. By saying that the scientists he spoke to her a little more conservative about whether we're in the sixth mass extinction. It's more more like you don't have lung cancer yet. You only have emphysema right so everything's cool. Everything's bad right exactly If we keep up the current rates then we'll get there for certain In the next few decades centuries to Millennia depending on how you count but we will. We'll get there for certain if we don't change their behavior and we're making the sound like a very depressing book but there's some there's some lighter moments to it. I'd say I was it has to do with your felicity as a writer actually happening out there. Scientists the funny people funny people for example. Just to since. We're trying to have a good time here. let's talk about the first time you went out the Cincinnati Rock count people and the guy. The had a name for something that you picked up. Yeah right so if you know how to read the rocks and you know what you're looking looking at. There is no matter where you are in the country. There's not a boring spot for geology And there's some great. There's a APP called rocked which you condemn on my phone and it will tell you what you're standing on basically and so no matter where you are. If you're in New England you can look up. Oh my goodness I'm on this volcanic archipelago that crashed into tropical North America. Four hundred fifty nine years ago or if you're in boulder where I am you know there's red rocks from the middle of Panja and the dinosaurs and you know there really isn't a boring or right here in New York. We're on top of UH either Cambrian stuff from the dawn of animal. Life Ocean rock or in Brooklyn. There's glacial stuff from these crazy ice ages. That happened. Not that long Ongo and there's some cretaceous stuff in Staten Island's from the dinosaurs from these big river delta. So there's an amazing story underneath your feet. No matter where you are and geology is just is sort of amazing endlessly fascinating field. That sort of tells you about these alien worlds at the planet spend before a sort of crisscrossed the country and joined up with professional geologists amend was sort of introduced these groups of amateur theologists. Who are really inspiring people because they take their own time out of their own weekends to You know just pull over to the side of the road. These unloved highway road cuts. 'cause they know that there's amazing fossils there and they're incredibly dedicated to it and I was sort of a Newbie and I joined up with him. One day to look for fossils on the side of the highway in Cincinnati because it turns out that in Cincinnati four hundred fifty six four hundred fifty million years ago It was a shallow sea and it was filled. With sort of weird things. Look like horseshoe crabs in these giant squid like things. And so it's just it's totally alien. SCIFI world infects the lends its name to a particular time because of that right. There's this thing called the Cincinnati and in the late or division period because Cincinnati is the best place in the world to find fossils fossils from this period right before this big mass extinction but I went there and I went with all these Sort of really interesting quirky people. Who Do this spare time? Just pull over the side of the road looking for fossils and we're finding lots of these things called grab delights which are these weird sea creatures that swam in these colonial homes and stuff like that not colonial homes like from I'm from New England But yes I was finding a lot of those and so I would ask people what's this and say. Oh it's a trial by. Oh it's too late and then I thought I found something and I showed it to this guy and that's what it was and he said that's a leave right I said is that good. And he said Yeah Lever Right there and he took it out of my hand and he threw it on the ground so good. Yep Ah so you you went out. With a whole bunch of different people are amateurs and professional researchers and Saul a lot of I just got back from England and I saw the white cliffs of Dover Right So the white cliffs of Dover like a really good example of a lot of stuff. You're talking talking about it's all fossils. Yeah right yeah. I think people don't appreciate that limestone for the most part is Stuff it was. It's calcium carbonate. That was sort of precipitated by sea creatures. And if you go to Indiana and you see limestone if you put under Mexico begin see it's just all a lot of it's like little Z.. Creatures and things like that and the white cliffs of Dover Our caucus fours which are the you know you see today from space in these giant swirling blue green sort of hurricanes in the ocean. And it's just plankton. And you give plankton enough time and it can build up something like the white cliffs of Dover this giant Edifice Livingston. I wants to living
BrainStuff
How Did the Ancient Land Blob Called Gondwana Become Today's Southern Continents?
"Lauren Bogle bomb here sometimes. Good Science Science can happen just by looking at a map of the world and letting your mind wander for instance observe how Africa and South America seemed to have been very recently cuddled together even though there are currently a couple of thousand miles of ocean between them similarly Madagascar fits perfectly into a little nick in the eastern edge of Africa and the Middle East seems seems to be pulling away from the top of Africa like a corner being pulled off of a hot cookie with a reasonably good representation of the shape and arrangement of the world's continents in front of them. Anyone could easily assess the earth's land masses have definitely been speaking around the name for the southern landmass that once was is Gondwanaland and also known as Gondwana but it wasn't just the shape of the continents that clued researchers into its former existence. They've also looked at similarities. Among plants and animals that live across the modern separate continents from those clues. Gondwana was an idea long before anybody figured out how or why. It worked the secret of course being plate. tectonics and idea that didn't really start gaining steam. Until the mid twentieth century but a nineteenth century Austrian geologist named Edward Seuss put a name to the concept of the supercontinent in his book. The face of the earth the first volume of which was published in eighteen eighty. Three SEUSS didn't come up with many completely novel ideas ideas. But he did a great job of synthesizing. A bunch of the research of the day to conclude that the southern continents and landmasses we now know as South America Africa Arabia India via Sri Lanka and Madagascar had at one point in time been connected because one well just look at them and two. They contained the same rocks and the same fossil's from an extinct feathery leafed tree called gloss of terrace Austria and in Arctic. Oh would be added theory. Thirty years later Gondwana on what was named for a densely forested region of central India where the first fossil evidence of the supercontinent was found in the nineteenth century. WanNa is a word for forest in Sanskrit and the guns are tribe that European explorers. I found living in the region. Even though we now know a lot about the mechanism by which Gondwana China was formed. It's extremely complicated and still being investigated. There's at least one. Peer Reviewed Scientific Journal devoted entirely to the study of the supercontinent. It's it's called appropriately Gondwana research however. There are a few things that we're pretty certain of I got Wada wasn't built in a day. The the making of Gondwana was a long process. Most likely through three major mountain building events driven by the movement of Earth's tectonic plates we spoke spoke via email with Joseph Merit professor in the Department of Geological Sciences. At the University of Florida he explained during the interval from about six hundred fifty to five hundred in fifty million years ago. Various pieces of Africa and South America collided along an ancient mountain chain called the Brazilian belt slightly older but overlapping with the Brazilian. Oh seven seven hundred and fifty to six hundred and fifty million years. AGO is the east African Oregon or Mozambique Belt that resulted from the collision between East Africa and Madagascar India Tree Lanka and parts of East Antarctica. The final collision was along the Kouanga Oregon between all those assembled pieces and the rest of Antarctica and Australia between five five hundred eighty and five hundred and thirty million years ago so it was a couple hundred million years of extremely slow continental car wrecks the created this Beta Ada version of Gondwana. But it wasn't done yet later about three hundred million years ago other landmasses join forces with it to form the giant ball of land. We now no no as Panja. But one continent rule them all couldn't last and sometime between two hundred eighty and two hundred million years ago. Hingis started started disintegrating as magma began pushing up from beneath the mega supercontinent creating rifts in the land that would later become seafloor as Penn.. Jia cracked the top part was pushed to the north creating the continent Laura Asia and Gondwana headed south back when Gondwana was just a baby supercontinent between five hundred and fifty and four hundred eighty five million years ago it hosted some of the very first complex life forms like trial abides bracket pods but since it continued to exist I didn't the drastic period lots of plant and animal. Evolution went down there merit said Gondwana contains evidence for evolutionary changes in the very first complex complex animals. The very first fish amphibians and reptiles the most famous fossils are the gun doina flora such as the loss of terrace fern a freshwater reptile called. Messo Soroush Soroush in a land. Reptile called Lyster Soroush Gondwana existed as a single landmass for more than three hundred million years because of its humongous assize by covered an area of one hundred billion square kilometers or about thirty nine billion square miles and because the continents moved a lot during that time Gondwana experienced many different climates said during the Cambridge. When Gondwana I formed the earth and Gondwana were in a greenhouse state in the late order vision? Four four hundred fifty million years ago gun was moving over. The South Pole and the climate was very cold. Gondwana continued to move through variety of latitudes and depending on where you are located hated. The climate might have been quite warm or more temperate. The continent was so large. That one part of Gondwana might be located at the quarter while another might be located at the poll. It's true it would have been cool to see Gondwana in its prime and although you won't personally get to see its victorious return. That doesn't mean that it's not possible. Possible the continents are always moving and scientists have a lot of ideas about what our next supercontinent is going to look like.
WIBC Programming
Dinosaur graveyard believed to hold more than 100 fossils discovered in Wyoming
"Dozens of scientists in the last three months getting a glimpse into a hundred fifty million years in the past story mission Jurassic now some of their discoveries are making their way to the children's museum of Indianapolis coming along with the Dino fossils are thousands of fossils known as devil's toenails found along the sea bed so rich you could blindfold me and I could still find fossils a scientist as he walked along the sea bed visitors at the children's museum will be able to view the fossils the
Environment: NPR
The 'Great Dying' Nearly Erased Life On Earth. Scientists See Similarities To Today
"There was a time when life on earth was almost wiped out. The great dying was the biggest extinction ever, it happened two hundred and fifty million years ago and was largely caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As NPR's Christopher Joyce reports scientists are beginning to see alarming similarities between the great dying and what's happening to our atmosphere. Now you can learn about the great dying at the new deep time exhibit at the Smithsonian's national museum of natural history. I get a back door visit by a giant freight elevator. That's used to haul life size dinosaurs up to the new hall. Workers are assembling dioramas and video monitors. It's a few weeks before opening curator, Scott wing shows me, the exhibits, crown jewel, the museums. First real tyrannosaurus Rex what an enormous head. It's a pretty big body to the Toronto. Sora stands over a prone triceratops. It's jaws clamped on its head. But I guess while the, the truth is, it's really isn't a dinosaur hall. Yes. There are plenty of dinosaurs in it. We like to say come for the dinosaurs. Stay for everything else, the theme is factually, the interconnectedness of life through geologic time exhibits show, for example, how plants at the bottom of the food chain supported everything from insects to twenty ton of Pata services wing likes that he's a botanist. I'm a photo synthesis chauvinist. The whole ecosystem is based on photosynthesis, and because life from toadstools to tyrannosaurs is connected. When something big happens to the earth, the whole fabric can disintegrate and that happened due to global warming. It's explained in the exhibit, great dying section. This is it. This is the big one. The exhibit explains that an enormous volcanic field erupted in what is now Siberia, it spewed carbon dioxide in pollution into the atmosphere possibly for millions of years that warmer to the planet made the oceans, acidic and robbed them of oxygen. There have been other mass extinctions like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs. But this one at the end of the Permian period was about what happens when too much carbon dioxide rises into the atmosphere. Those are lessons that we can learn from studying the past, and they're also those processes that are being observed by scientists today. Earth. Scientists is like Curtis Deutsche of the university of Washington, whose research helped inform, the Smithsonian curator's the very same things that caused the great dying are happening right now in our ocean today as a result of human activities, not to the same degree but in the same direction, so Deutsche thought, why not recreate the hothouse of the great dying in a computer and see how present day life would fare, he could crank up the heat and lower the oxygen and watch as parts of the ocean started to become deadly. The first thing that happens is that you start to see a local loss of species as they begin to move in response to the climate heating up. But some parts of the planet were more forgiving. And we discovered something that was kind of surprising and new, I think, and that is that extinction was very strong everywhere, but it was even stronger near the cold parts of earth in the near the polar oceans. Than it was in the warmer, tropical oceans. It makes sense. He says animals that live near the equator can migrate toward the pulse to find cooler water. But those that are already live in cold oxygen rich waters near the polls have very little room to run. Deutsche says the experiment is a window on the future, even the present marine species are ready migrating, we see responses of marine species to those changes today that look like what we think happened at the end of the Permian, and that says the Smithsonian Scott wing is what visitors should take away from the new exhibit, or so powerful. We are basically a geological for us now, as well as a human force a force that changing the conditions for life on the
All Things Considered
Christopher Joyce, National Museum Of Natural And NPR discussed on All Things Considered
"There was a time when life on earth was almost wiped out. The great dying was the biggest extinction ever, it happened two hundred and fifty million years ago and was largely caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As NPR's Christopher Joyce reports scientists are beginning to see alarming similarities between the great dying and what's happening to our atmosphere. Now you can learn about the great dying at the new deep time exhibit at the national museum of natural history. I get a back door of visit by a giant freight elevator. That's used to haul life size dinosaurs up to the new hall.
All Things Considered
Smithsonian National Museum Of Natural, Christopher Joyce And NPR discussed on All Things Considered
"There was a time when life on earth was almost wiped out. The great dying was the biggest extinction ever happened to hundred and fifty million years ago and was largely caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As NPR's Christopher Joyce reports scientists are beginning to see alarming similarities between the great dying and what's happening to our atmosphere. Now you can learn about the great dying at the new deep time exhibit at the Smithsonian national museum of natural history. I get a back door visit by a giant freight elevator. That's used to haul life size dinosaurs up to the new
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
Milky Way Warped and Twisted
"Accurate three dimensional map of Milky Way. Galaxy shows that it's warped and twisted. A report in the journal nature astronomy claims this woop spiral patent is being caused by talk of spinning of the milky way's massive in disk of stars than you observations of based on the positions of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars, which will use to map the milky ways real shape. They found the milky way's disk of stars becomes increasingly warped and twisted. The further away the stars are from the galactic Santa one of the study's authors. Professor Richard de grace from MacQuarie university says people usually think of spiral galaxies as being flat discs. The problem is trying to determine the rue shave avow. Galaxy is bit like standing in the middle of the woods trying to determine the exact size and shape of the hull forest. It's also the touristy difficult to determine distances from the sun to some parts of the milky ways. Gaseous disk without having a clear idea of what the disc actually looks like however of the past fifty years or so the have been some tantalizing hints that hydrogen clouds in the Milky Way could be warped from a great distance. I'll spiral galaxy look like thin disk of stars that obits roughly once every two hundred and fifty million years around the central region where hundreds of billions of stars provide all the gravitational glue native the whole the galaxy together. The Pat from dot matter that is, but it now seems this pull of gravity is far waker in the galaxies fi outta disk there. The hydrogen atoms making up most of the galaxy's gas disk no longer confined to a thin plane. Instead, they give the disk and s like a wolf to peerages coast by the huge man of toll coming from the spinning the milky way's massive in a disc of starves the Katie developing. This new three-dimensional map was recently published catalogue of young variable stars, none is classical Cepheids located in the wool Milky Way. Disc. Data on the east is was provided by Nashes wise wide field. Infrared survey explorer spacecraft the authors rebel, use a thousand three hundred thirty nine of these had variables to help them develop. They Matt and this allowed them that attempt that twisted appearance of the galaxies fire out a ragions classical Cepheids some four to twenty times as massive as the sun and up to one hundred thousand times as bright syfy at variables pulse. I that. He's expanding contract at set rates based on their intrinsic luminosity. And so that can be used the standard candles to measure cosmic distances because strana is no hang trinity luminous syfy variable star is because it's Paul sation. Right. They can determine how far away it must be. It's exactly the same. As looking at a row of straight lights down the road. You know, the vocal at the same brightness for the ones further down the road will appear dim it than the ones near it to you. This allows very accurate distances to determined for the stars with an era. Of only three to five percent. Then you research provides a crucial updated map for studies of the Milky Way, still emotions the origins of the milky way's disc. The grace reminds us that most of the matter in the milky ways dot matter, which is an intrinsic part of a universe. But the grace also points out that not only decide to not have any idea. What dot matter is not even sure exactly where it is. The new research the roszak of the Milky Way could help scientists better determine how dot matter is distributed around the Milky Way galaxy built those role surprised to find that they three dimensional collection of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars and the milky gas disk shared the stars tended to follow each other closely. The grace is that a scullery off his new insights into the formation of the Milky Way. He says perhaps more importantly, you found that in the milky way's outer regions the s like still a disk is warped in a progressively more. Twisted spiral Patton. Astronomers have observed dozens of other galaxies which have shown similar, Pat. Tens degrade says that means the milky way's twists rare. But not unique what we found is that towards the outer regions of anarchy by galaxy galaxy starts to DVI Toma flat bag shack without that was known for longtime in its distribution of gasoline by gossiping hydrogen atoms of which we knew for the last five decades or so in the region. The hydrogen gas would deviate from the plain become higher on bumps on one end and lower on the other end. Now, our study under the results have found fun for the first time that the young stars in the QA Trist by so-called seat variable stars, which are quite massive there for quite young followed that same kind of warped distribution where there is a clear deviation from does flatbed geic shed. But that's not everything also found is that the main direction of this war is not a straight line. But it starts to Marlins chase a spiral structure Espy go further for that. In the sense that this war becomes twisted at greater and greater radio as this. Anything to do at all with the total on stars within the galaxy coast by the galaxy's rotation. Yeah. So our interpretation of this result is not the massive disc of star king up. Most of the milk is rotating around the center of the galaxy. Every tune is sixty two three hundred million years, and it's dragging behind it the outer layers, which are less strongly gravitationally bound to the milky right because I've much further is and so that rotation the warped. Our two disc is slightly lagging behind is there any connection between this this warped structure in the thick and thin disks of the Milky Way is the correlation. And that's a good question. But we haven't actually looked up. Now having said that the dole cough the stars in. By are distributed into thin disc. That's ready to device majority of stars the thick disk is puffed up somewhat and it tends to extend to greater radio. But at much lower numbers of stars than the thinness. The the works distribution of stars would deviate from this thing this in the into the realm of the thickness. So there might be some dynamically. Action. But I would say about the warp itself is originates from the thin. That's probably must less associated with Findus. I don't think this has to do with the spiral structure of the milky QA such because it's quite well known by now death, the the longevity of the spiral arms is due to something called density Reich Swiss stars move around the center of the Milky Way, and they get attracted by the higher density of potato in despite alarm today that move faster towards spiral. I've spent more time there because of gravity and they move out slowly between his firearms that don't spend much time. That's that's the density by feary. I think there's a difficult. That's that's a completely different dynamical process in in this particular case, we believe that we really sees graft national torquing dragging behind of material by the inner massive disc. What do you need to do next for your research? Well, there's a couple of things that we can do first of all we looked at about thirteen hundred or so of the variables that's sizable sample. But it's know. You can always be improved one of the problems with our sample is that all of these stars were located on the near side of the nookie right centers on our side of the center. It would be great if he could get similar quality data on the other side of the QA center. So that we could see whether or not the features out. We have found are symmetrical, and that is more than just an academic exercise. The idea here is if the warts distribution of the seats in the twisting, this symmetrical either side of the Milky Way center, then we truly have a process here that works across the galaxy. Comex have suggested that what we we've seen might have been caused by the info of dwarf galaxy towards the region stuff, I'm Yukio. And if that's stick as you would only expect your side. So that's one thing that we would like to explore another thing, of course, is probably not very well. The European Space Agency is currently operating its guy satellite, which is meant to determine positions and distances to about a billion stars nuclei galaxy the first data released has has come out in the second releases Jew soon, but the full date. Percents will not be released for another three to five years by that time accurate three d map of nuclear galaxy. At hopefully, result will serve as a benchmark to hold those guy results against and I finally the other quite exciting prospects here is that by concentrating distribution of stars in our Milky Way. More a better more carefully before we may have a fighting chance of determining all the doc metro is located and that's still a big open question. That's professor Richard grace from Corean versity in Sydney,
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
Milky Way Warped and Twisted
"Accurate three dimensional map of Milky Way. Galaxy shows that it's warped and twisted. A report in the journal nature astronomy claims this woop spiral patent is being caused by talk of spinning of the milky way's massive in disk of stars than you observations of based on the positions of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars, which will use to map the milky ways real shape. They found the milky way's disk of stars becomes increasingly warped and twisted. The further away the stars are from the galactic Santa one of the study's authors. Professor Richard de grace from MacQuarie university says people usually think of spiral galaxies as being flat discs. The problem is trying to determine the rue shave avow. Galaxy is bit like standing in the middle of the woods trying to determine the exact size and shape of the hull forest. It's also the touristy difficult to determine distances from the sun to some parts of the milky ways. Gaseous disk without having a clear idea of what the disc actually looks like however of the past fifty years or so the have been some tantalizing hints that hydrogen clouds in the Milky Way could be warped from a great distance. I'll spiral galaxy look like thin disk of stars that obits roughly once every two hundred and fifty million years around the central region where hundreds of billions of stars provide all the gravitational glue native the whole the galaxy together. The Pat from dot matter that is, but it now seems this pull of gravity is far waker in the galaxies fi outta disk there. The hydrogen atoms making up most of the galaxy's gas disk no longer confined to a thin plane. Instead, they give the disk and s like a wolf to peerages coast by the huge man of toll coming from the spinning the milky way's massive in a disc of starves the Katie developing. This new three-dimensional map was recently published catalogue of young variable stars, none is classical Cepheids located in the wool Milky Way. Disc. Data on the east is was provided by Nashes wise wide field. Infrared survey explorer spacecraft the authors rebel, use a thousand three hundred thirty nine of these had variables to help them develop. They Matt and this allowed them that attempt that twisted appearance of the galaxies fire out a ragions classical Cepheids some four to twenty times as massive as the sun and up to one hundred thousand times as bright syfy at variables pulse. I that. He's expanding contract at set rates based on their intrinsic luminosity. And so that can be used the standard candles to measure cosmic distances because strana is no hang trinity luminous syfy variable star is because it's Paul sation. Right. They can determine how far away it must be. It's exactly the same. As looking at a row of straight lights down the road. You know, the vocal at the same brightness for the ones further down the road will appear dim it than the ones near it to you. This allows very accurate distances to determined for the stars with an era. Of only three to five percent. Then you research provides a crucial updated map for studies of the Milky Way, still emotions the origins of the milky way's disc. The grace reminds us that most of the matter in the milky ways dot matter, which is an intrinsic part of a universe. But the grace also points out that not only decide to not have any idea. What dot matter is not even sure exactly where it is. The new research the roszak of the Milky Way could help scientists better determine how dot matter is distributed around the Milky Way galaxy built those role surprised to find that they three dimensional collection of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars and the milky gas disk shared the stars tended to follow each other closely. The grace is that a scullery off his new insights into the formation of the Milky Way. He says perhaps more importantly, you found that in the milky way's outer regions the s like still a disk is warped in a progressively more. Twisted spiral Patton. Astronomers have observed dozens of other galaxies which have shown similar, Pat. Tens degrade says that means the milky way's twists rare. But not unique what we found is that towards the outer regions of anarchy by galaxy galaxy starts to DVI Toma flat bag shack without that was known for longtime in its distribution of gasoline by gossiping hydrogen atoms of which we knew for the last five decades or so in the region. The hydrogen gas would deviate from the plain become higher on bumps on one end and lower on the other end. Now, our study under the results have found fun for the first time that the young stars in the QA Trist by so-called seat variable stars, which are quite massive there for quite young followed that same kind of warped distribution where there is a clear deviation from does flatbed geic shed. But that's not everything also found is that the main direction of this war is not a straight line. But it starts to Marlins chase a spiral structure Espy go further for that. In the sense that this war becomes twisted at greater and greater radio as this. Anything to do at all with the total on stars within the galaxy coast by the galaxy's rotation. Yeah. So our interpretation of this result is not the massive disc of star king up. Most of the milk is rotating around the center of the galaxy. Every tune is sixty two three hundred million years, and it's dragging behind it the outer layers, which are less strongly gravitationally bound to the milky right because I've much further is and so that rotation the warped. Our two disc is slightly lagging behind is there any connection between this this warped structure in the thick and thin disks of the Milky Way is the correlation. And that's a good question. But we haven't actually looked up. Now having said that the dole cough the stars in. By are distributed into thin disc. That's ready to device majority of stars the thick disk is puffed up somewhat and it tends to extend to greater radio. But at much lower numbers of stars than the thinness. The the works distribution of stars would deviate from this thing this in the into the realm of the thickness. So there might be some dynamically. Action. But I would say about the warp itself is originates from the thin. That's probably must less associated with Findus. I don't think this has to do with the spiral structure of the milky QA such because it's quite well known by now death, the the longevity of the spiral arms is due to something called density Reich Swiss stars move around the center of the Milky Way, and they get attracted by the higher density of potato in despite alarm today that move faster towards spiral. I've spent more time there because of gravity and they move out slowly between his firearms that don't spend much time. That's that's the density by feary. I think there's a difficult. That's that's a completely different dynamical process in in this particular case, we believe that we really sees graft national torquing dragging behind of material by the inner massive disc. What do you need to do next for your research? Well, there's a couple of things that we can do first of all we looked at about thirteen hundred or so of the variables that's sizable sample. But it's know. You can always be improved one of the problems with our sample is that all of these stars were located on the near side of the nookie right centers on our side of the center. It would be great if he could get similar quality data on the other side of the QA center. So that we could see whether or not the features out. We have found are symmetrical, and that is more than just an academic exercise. The idea here is if the warts distribution of the seats in the twisting, this symmetrical either side of the Milky Way center, then we truly have a process here that works across the galaxy. Comex have suggested that what we we've seen might have been caused by the info of dwarf galaxy towards the region stuff, I'm Yukio. And if that's stick as you would only expect your side. So that's one thing that we would like to explore another thing, of course, is probably not very well. The European Space Agency is currently operating its guy satellite, which is meant to determine positions and distances to about a billion stars nuclei galaxy the first data released has has come out in the second releases Jew soon, but the full date. Percents will not be released for another three to five years by that time accurate three d map of nuclear galaxy. At hopefully, result will serve as a benchmark to hold those guy results against and I finally the other quite exciting prospects here is that by concentrating distribution of stars in our Milky Way. More a better more carefully before we may have a fighting chance of determining all the doc metro is located and that's still a big open question. That's professor Richard grace from Corean versity in Sydney,
SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
Milky Way Warped and Twisted
"Accurate three dimensional map of Milky Way. Galaxy shows that it's warped and twisted. A report in the journal nature astronomy claims this woop spiral patent is being caused by talk of spinning of the milky way's massive in disk of stars than you observations of based on the positions of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars, which will use to map the milky ways real shape. They found the milky way's disk of stars becomes increasingly warped and twisted. The further away the stars are from the galactic Santa one of the study's authors. Professor Richard de grace from MacQuarie university says people usually think of spiral galaxies as being flat discs. The problem is trying to determine the rue shave avow. Galaxy is bit like standing in the middle of the woods trying to determine the exact size and shape of the hull forest. It's also the touristy difficult to determine distances from the sun to some parts of the milky ways. Gaseous disk without having a clear idea of what the disc actually looks like however of the past fifty years or so the have been some tantalizing hints that hydrogen clouds in the Milky Way could be warped from a great distance. I'll spiral galaxy look like thin disk of stars that obits roughly once every two hundred and fifty million years around the central region where hundreds of billions of stars provide all the gravitational glue native the whole the galaxy together. The Pat from dot matter that is, but it now seems this pull of gravity is far waker in the galaxies fi outta disk there. The hydrogen atoms making up most of the galaxy's gas disk no longer confined to a thin plane. Instead, they give the disk and s like a wolf to peerages coast by the huge man of toll coming from the spinning the milky way's massive in a disc of starves the Katie developing. This new three-dimensional map was recently published catalogue of young variable stars, none is classical Cepheids located in the wool Milky Way. Disc. Data on the east is was provided by Nashes wise wide field. Infrared survey explorer spacecraft the authors rebel, use a thousand three hundred thirty nine of these had variables to help them develop. They Matt and this allowed them that attempt that twisted appearance of the galaxies fire out a ragions classical Cepheids some four to twenty times as massive as the sun and up to one hundred thousand times as bright syfy at variables pulse. I that. He's expanding contract at set rates based on their intrinsic luminosity. And so that can be used the standard candles to measure cosmic distances because strana is no hang trinity luminous syfy variable star is because it's Paul sation. Right. They can determine how far away it must be. It's exactly the same. As looking at a row of straight lights down the road. You know, the vocal at the same brightness for the ones further down the road will appear dim it than the ones near it to you. This allows very accurate distances to determined for the stars with an era. Of only three to five percent. Then you research provides a crucial updated map for studies of the Milky Way, still emotions the origins of the milky way's disc. The grace reminds us that most of the matter in the milky ways dot matter, which is an intrinsic part of a universe. But the grace also points out that not only decide to not have any idea. What dot matter is not even sure exactly where it is. The new research the roszak of the Milky Way could help scientists better determine how dot matter is distributed around the Milky Way galaxy built those role surprised to find that they three dimensional collection of one thousand three hundred thirty nine syfy variable stars and the milky gas disk shared the stars tended to follow each other closely. The grace is that a scullery off his new insights into the formation of the Milky Way. He says perhaps more importantly, you found that in the milky way's outer regions the s like still a disk is warped in a progressively more. Twisted spiral Patton. Astronomers have observed dozens of other galaxies which have shown similar, Pat. Tens degrade says that means the milky way's twists rare. But not unique what we found is that towards the outer regions of anarchy by galaxy galaxy starts to DVI Toma flat bag shack without that was known for longtime in its distribution of gasoline by gossiping hydrogen atoms of which we knew for the last five decades or so in the region. The hydrogen gas would deviate from the plain become higher on bumps on one end and lower on the other end. Now, our study under the results have found fun for the first time that the young stars in the QA Trist by so-called seat variable stars, which are quite massive there for quite young followed that same kind of warped distribution where there is a clear deviation from does flatbed geic shed. But that's not everything also found is that the main direction of this war is not a straight line. But it starts to Marlins chase a spiral structure Espy go further for that. In the sense that this war becomes twisted at greater and greater radio as this. Anything to do at all with the total on stars within the galaxy coast by the galaxy's rotation. Yeah. So our interpretation of this result is not the massive disc of star king up. Most of the milk is rotating around the center of the galaxy. Every tune is sixty two three hundred million years, and it's dragging behind it the outer layers, which are less strongly gravitationally bound to the milky right because I've much further is and so that rotation the warped. Our two disc is slightly lagging behind is there any connection between this this warped structure in the thick and thin disks of the Milky Way is the correlation. And that's a good question. But we haven't actually looked up. Now having said that the dole cough the stars in. By are distributed into thin disc. That's ready to device majority of stars the thick disk is puffed up somewhat and it tends to extend to greater radio. But at much lower numbers of stars than the thinness. The the works distribution of stars would deviate from this thing this in the into the realm of the thickness. So there might be some dynamically. Action. But I would say about the warp itself is originates from the thin. That's probably must less associated with Findus. I don't think this has to do with the spiral structure of the milky QA such because it's quite well known by now death, the the longevity of the spiral arms is due to something called density Reich Swiss stars move around the center of the Milky Way, and they get attracted by the higher density of potato in despite alarm today that move faster towards spiral. I've spent more time there because of gravity and they move out slowly between his firearms that don't spend much time. That's that's the density by feary. I think there's a difficult. That's that's a completely different dynamical process in in this particular case, we believe that we really sees graft national torquing dragging behind of material by the inner massive disc. What do you need to do next for your research? Well, there's a couple of things that we can do first of all we looked at about thirteen hundred or so of the variables that's sizable sample. But it's know. You can always be improved one of the problems with our sample is that all of these stars were located on the near side of the nookie right centers on our side of the center. It would be great if he could get similar quality data on the other side of the QA center. So that we could see whether or not the features out. We have found are symmetrical, and that is more than just an academic exercise. The idea here is if the warts distribution of the seats in the twisting, this symmetrical either side of the Milky Way center, then we truly have a process here that works across the galaxy. Comex have suggested that what we we've seen might have been caused by the info of dwarf galaxy towards the region stuff, I'm Yukio. And if that's stick as you would only expect your side. So that's one thing that we would like to explore another thing, of course, is probably not very well. The European Space Agency is currently operating its guy satellite, which is meant to determine positions and distances to about a billion stars nuclei galaxy the first data released has has come out in the second releases Jew soon, but the full date. Percents will not be released for another three to five years by that time accurate three d map of nuclear galaxy. At hopefully, result will serve as a benchmark to hold those guy results against and I finally the other quite exciting prospects here is that by concentrating distribution of stars in our Milky Way. More a better more carefully before we may have a fighting chance of determining all the doc metro is located and that's still a big open question. That's professor Richard grace from Corean versity in Sydney,
Curiosity Daily
How to Find Your House on Pangea
"Remember, the good old days when all the continents were just one big mega continent. All right. Well, you probably don't remember those days because they were like a hundred seven. Five million years ago, but if you're still somehow nostalgic for those geographically simpler times back when you only had to remember the name Jia instead of seven different continents. Then we've got some good news. Thanks to a software engineer named Ian Webster. You can load up an ancient map of the earth. And find out where your house would have been you can find the interactive map on his website dinosaur pictures dot org, and you can use it to pinpoint a modern address in any of twenty six different geological areas. It's an out of the box way to connect yourself to the planet's history, you can set them up to twenty million years ago two hundred million years ago as far back as seven hundred fifty million years ago with lots of intervals between we check out our address here in Chicago. Because of course, we did. And the further back you go the closers to oh and the rest of North America drifts towards Africa around two hundred twenty million years ago. You'll find Florida wedged right in there between South America and Africa with the region that will eventually become Europe. In Asia hovering a little bit overhead, by the way. Did you know the Panja split into two sub super continents before it split into the seven continents? We know today the one in the north was called law regime which included North America Europe and Asia and the one in the south was called Gondwanaland which included Africa, South America, Australia and antibiotic they broken in their current configurations later on and that division is still going on today. In fact, Africa is splitting into two continents right now. But that's a story will get into next week. In the meantime, you can drop a pin on a map to see where you would have lived on the websites dinosaur pictures dot org.
BrainStuff
How Does a 500-Year Experiment Work?
"Today's episode is brought to you by smart water twenty years ago. Smart water, reimagined, what water could be from thoughtful bottle designed to supporting smart people who are changing our world through fresh thinking. Like, you smart water has added electrolytes for taste and great tasting water helps you stay hydrated, feeling refreshed and ready to take on your day. Refresh yourself with smart water. Welcome to brain stuff from how stuff works. Hey, you brain stuff Lauren Bogle bomb here. Some types of bacteria are known for their ability to survive extreme conditions from high temperatures to chemical tax to dehydration, but for how long are they really viable in two thousand fourteen a team of scientists dried a collection of bacteria sealed those specimens away in small glass vials and in five hundred years. Some researcher will have the honor of bringing the long-lived study to a close the five century long experiment was conceived by researchers at Scotland's university of Edinburgh who teamed up with German and American scientists in hopes of advancing humankind's understanding of bacteria longevity, a major catch. None of them or their children or great, great grandchildren are likely to be around to see the results in an Email interview. Charles Cockell, one of these scientists involved with the project said the motivation for the experiment was straightforward, quote, most science experiments, work on grant or human life, spans, but nature works over long time periods. We. To create an experiment that was more aligned to the lengths of time of interest for studying microbes for the experiment team members filled eight hundred vials with one of two types of bacteria crocodile says or back Sylla's subtilis, the former is a true survivor, a very primitive bacterium often found an extremely inhospitable environments from hot springs. Desert's the ladder is one of the most studied bacterium in all of science one the can revert to a dormant state s rounding itself with a spore and basically going into hibernation on it. Subjected to environmental changes, the glass vials scientists filled were completely sealed off from air and half of them were shrouded in led to thwart the possible effects of radiation or other potential interferences that could cause DNA damage. For the first quarter century. Scientists will check on the bacteria every other year to see if they're still viable, then the checkup schedule will shift to once every twenty five years until the five hundred year test is over the actual tests are easy simply requiring a basic rehydration process and counting the bacteria colonies, but what's the best way to describe the experiment to people four hundred years into the future instructions were printed on paper and also stored to a flash drive with the explicit request that researchers update the verbiage and technologies when they perform their twenty five year checks. The first analyses were conducted in two thousand sixteen with results published in December of two thousand eighteen the gist after two years of isolation. Bacteria spores demonstrated hardly any decrease in viability. Some of the surviving. Spores were then purposefully exposed to tougher conditions like high salt levels or a space like vacuum. These specimens then showed an increased loss of viability. But what's the best case scenario of such a long term project cockle said there is an ideal outcome as such we wanna learn how quickly microbes die and whatnot battle function describes their death over century timescales. Some 'Bacterial are so durable. That they can remain viable for tens of millions of years provided their preserved in one form or another for example, scientists have revived bacteria immersed in twenty five million year old tree sap and also from the carcasses of creatures like Beatles that were trapped in amber one hundred and thirty five million years ago. Other researchers found the bacteria in New Mexico salt deposits were still viable after two hundred and fifty million years. Today's episode was written by Nathan Chandler and produced by Tyler clay for I heart media, and how stuff works for more on this and lots of other topics with the future in mind. Visit our home planet. How stuff works dot com. Mating matters. Why we do what we do. I'm Dr Wendy, Walsh, psychologist and relationship. Guru. And I've got a new podcast that explores the secret evolutionary motivation for human behavior made matters listening. Subscribe at apple podcasts or on the iheartradio app or wherever you listen to your podcast.