35 Burst results for "Biology"
Dennis Prager Podcasts
Transgender Youth Population Doubles, Radical Agenda Exposed
"Referencing a study from the UCLA school of law's Williams institute, which indicated that the transsexual youth population doubled over a 5 year period, gabbert stated. This didn't just happen, this is very intentional and it's the consequence of this radical agenda that is being pushed on our kids. Their rejecting the existence of objective reality by rejecting this most fundamental truth of the differences between a biological male and female, Gabbard reference recent findings from the fruit and Drug Administration, which link puberty blocker hormones to brain swelling and vision loss. Just another indication of the extent to which so called gender affirming care is both careless and destructive. Doctor christiane nusslein, the Nobel Prize winning director emeritus at the Max Planck institute of developmental biology. Recently stressed that taking hormones is inherently dangerous, despite the horrific debilitating and potentially deadly side effects highlighted by esteemed scientists, gabbert suggested that hasn't stopped President Biden from going and telling parents that quote affirming your child's identity is one of the most powerful things you can do to keep them safe.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Xi Van Fleet Comments on the Divisive Radical Trans Narrative
"So I want to ask you, I have two questions remaining. The first of which is, do you see this radical trans narrative as a way to divide and conquer families and communities? Absolutely. And I have to say that my experience in China is different. Mao used the class to divide the society and give everyone identity. You are either black class or red class, and the black class were the enemy of the state. And that's sufficient because he was learning over the Chinese people who never experienced freedom. There were always on the tyranny. So that's easier for now. In this country, they have to be more creative. They started with race and now we know the CRT. Revolution really get anywhere. And given the CRTs theorists admit their revolution is failing. So they have to continue to explore other identity. The latest of these trends. Okay, I have no problem with people who make their choice doing whatever when they are in doubt. I am against transgenderism because it is a Marxist ideology because the nice basic biology. Not only that, they push it us, that we have to accept it. We have to get along and, you know, people say, you know, I tell you a better word. And that is mouth word. That's called proletariat, dictatorship. That's what they're doing. They are using their power to suppress any other narrative that goal counter theirs. So they are using the power really to suppress people like us that have a different view. And
America First with Sebastian Gorka Podcast
The Epoch Times' Jan Jekielek Had Quite the Career Shift
"With me last time we spoke, the fact that you're training your background wasn't exactly in journalism. So you had quite a big career shift, haven't you asked? No, absolutely. So I was my background is actually biology, and my graduate degrees are in evolutionary biology of all things. And I had kind of a rapid shift in my career at something. A forced shift actually because I had a I ended up with something and some of you who are familiar in the vaccine injury circles and so forth. I had a disease called guillain Barre syndrome. And actually I had never thought of anything ahead of anything to do with vaccines just when I started meeting people in that sphere. They said, hey, did you take a vaccine? No, and I had basically a guy named who had had chronic fatigue syndrome back in the day. He was trying to help me figure out how to get healthy from this. It's a neurological disease. Your immune system goes crazy, attacks your nervous system. I was losing control of my body. And in the process, I lost my career. As a scientist, back exactly back in the day. And I was trying to I was still able to teach, you know, some people just die, you know, basically your body stops working completely. Mine was just kind of shut down somewhat. I was still able to teach kind of in a basic way or I tried to. I don't know. I don't know how effective it was. But I couldn't do my lab work. I couldn't do I couldn't do many things. And this is how I kind of came into questions of China and thinking more deeply about totalitarian states and so forth. So I had this guy who had had chronic fatigue syndrome. He recommended a Chinese meditation called falun gong to me. Never heard of it. I did wasn't thinking much about China, but basically I started doing these slow motion exercises. The idea is truth, compassion, forbearance. It's based in these things. And I wasn't thinking about that. I was just simply. Fixing my body, mimicking these movements. And I felt a little better. And two months later, I hadn't fully grasped what had happened, but basically two months later, I had an appointment with my neurologist and basically she looked at me and said, you are in complete remission. I got my reflexes back. My vision was fine. I hadn't fully grasped that I'd come back to a 100%, but I had.
The Charlie Kirk Show
What Is Artificial Intelligence? Joe Allen Explains
"So Joe, for, let's just start with layman terms. What is artificial intelligence? And for how long has it been in, let's just say, in use by corporations or businesses? Well, Charlie, very good to be here. The definition of artificial intelligence as it was originally stated 1956 by John McCarthy is a computer system that thinks like a human being. Now, that's a very high bar one that arguably has not been met in any real way given the complexity and richness of human thought, but right now there's an enormous hype and I think justified we so around GPT technology because it does approach human level intelligence on so many ways in so many ways on the level of language. And it's able to pass all of these different cognitive tests, right? These sorts of tests that judge whether or not a human being is intelligent from the bar to the LSAT to the U.S. biology olympiads, and so to answer the second question about how long have these systems been in use, they've actually been in use for quite some time. Certainly for the last two decades, machine learning techniques have been applied to finance. They've been applied to medicine. They've been applied to biology overall to social networking analysis and so forth. But really, it's the advances in artificial neural networks that have made all the difference. There are a lot of different ways that artificial intelligence can be organized, but GPT is an artificial neural network. And a number of other advanced systems rely on that model. And what that is going back to the definition, what that is, an artificial neural network basically replicates the way a human brain processes information.
The Dan Bongino Show
Camille Paglia: A Child Is Not Prepared to Think About Sex Changes
"Camille paglia you're listening to This again is a feminist liberal PAG LIE if you want to look it up very prominent liberals not a tomato can This is a person who's been around for a long time and has had a lot of interactions with leftists has openly spoken about her own issues with sexual identity and things like that Here's the first part of this video cuts aren't long about a minute little over amenities Where she talks about how this is 5 years ago by the way just so you know talk about being prescient How this new move towards trans activism how it's strange how this is seemingly appeared out of nowhere that there has to be some kind of cultural input here It's not some matter of biology or genetics because where's the evidence of it in the past to the levels we're seeing it now There's some kind of cultural influence playing into the alienation This is really important to hear this check this out A sex change operation opens one door but closes many others I personally believe that anyone who collaborates in an intrusion into a developing child's body and mind is guilty of child abuse a crime against humanity Because that child is not prepared to make such a decision I think that such decisions about sex reassignment surgery must wait I want to change the majority which would be it seems to be a minimum of age 18 I'm very concerned with this I think that it's become a fashion That the transgender definition has become a kind of convenient label for young people who may simply feel alienated Culturally for many other reasons Yes Yes Yes Me and this woman share nothing in common politically
The Breakdown
Is the Banking Crisis Really Over?
"Over the weekend, I noticed a tweet from prominent political writer Matthew yglesias. This tweet broke my brain, and so I thought to myself, well, let's do a show about it. Matthew writes really simply, so all that bank stuff people were worried about seems to have turned out fine. Shrug emoji. Now, it didn't break my brain because Matthew's wrong that banking contagion seems to be for the time contained. Or that it appears that the fed's facilities are working. Or really anything substantive of what might underlie the tweet. It broke my brain because the thing is such a monument to trying to write off trying to understand complexity, as well as a glib dismissal of people who had concerns about the wider problem. All that bank stuff as if there wasn't something specific to try to actually understand. Now, at the risk of acting like a college student reading too much into a single line of text, I think that this was pretty clearly a jab at the biology type set who were arguing that there was a much bigger problem than just Silicon Valley bank. Now, I don't care at all if people don't like biology's $1 million Bitcoin bet. Or don't buy into someone like Arthur Hayes argument that the bank term funding program is going to almost assuredly see mission creep. And honestly, I don't even really need to call out Iglesias here as every day there are a million tweets from a variety of commentators that are equally glib and dismissive for the sake of Twitter engagement. I just happen to think that being glib about the most important issues we're dealing with is a huge part of the problem with current public discourse. And in this case, I think the underlying contention that the bank stuff people were worried about seems to have turned out fine is worthy of some serious consideration and dissection. So today, let's explore exactly that. Whether the bank stuff people were worried about turned out fine. And let's look at some of the numbers to start. By way of recapping, let's set a framework for what we're actually talking about here, specifically when we talk about the bank stuff that people were worried about. In short, people have been worried that numerous banks would see people withdrawing assets in an extra normal way. Due to some combination of one, being able to get better yield elsewhere, including buying treasuries directly, and two, concern about the viability of a specially smaller banks whose asset side of the balance sheet is underwater due to the rapid increase in interest rates.
AP News Radio
A college in upheaval: War on 'woke' sparks fear in Florida
"A liberal arts college is caught in America's culture wars. Florida governor Ron DeSantis has targeted a tiny school along Sarasota bay, new college of Florida as a staging ground for his war on woke. You ain't seen nothing yet. The governor and his allies say the progressive school with a prominent LBGTQ plus community is indoctrinating students with leftist ideology. Liz lininger is a biology and neuroscience professor. There are many changes that are being made all at the same time without due input from faculty or students. The new board of trustees fired the college president. The office of diversity and equity was dismantled. Student Olivia pere says there is tension on campus. What it comes down to. Whether or not we are allowed to have freedom in our education and ultimately freedom of thought. Students and faculty at new college compare the upheaval to a hostile takeover. I'm Ed Donahue
The Charlie Kirk Show
The Trans Issue Isn't a Distraction, It's the Whole Ballgame
"Extraordinary how this trans thing has kind of become one of the biggest issues in America. I was in Palm Beach yesterday. And one of our donors said Charlie, I understand your opinion on the trans thing, but I think it's a distraction and I don't think it's that big of an issue, and I think it's just a sideshow. And I fundamentally disagree with that. I think it's the whole ball game. It's about can you all of a sudden think you are something that you are not that you can just be at complete war with reality and then make other people through tyrannical means to have to acknowledge your war on reality is are things true or are they not true? Does biology mean anything? Just vocabulary mean anything. And again, let me just continue to say that this is not about whether somebody thinks they are something, it's about forcing you to acknowledge that they think they are something and then re accommodating and reorganizing society for somebody who thinks they are something. Mental disease is nothing new. And I hope those people get help. What is new is that we must reorganize society for your mental disorder. That people that do not have mental disorders must change our life, our customs, our vocabulary, our actions, our traditions for you.
CoinDesk Podcast Network
Bitcoin at $1,000,000 in 90 Days? The Insane Bet by Balaji Srinivasan
"Bitcoin to $1 million in 90 days? That's what the former CTO of coinbase thinks and more than a few people are taking him seriously. All right Friends, welcome back to another Bitcoin breakdown bite. We are talking about obviously the same thing that everyone is talking about, which, as it turns out, might be the point. That is biology, srinivasan, the former CTO of coinbase, and generally highly regarded if out there sometimes thinker, he has predicted that Bitcoin will go to $1 million inside the next 90 days, largely because of societal collapse on the back of the banking system. So McKenna here sums this up, biology thinks, most banks are insolvent in the U.S., Bitcoin goes to 1 million 90 days, hyperinflation is imminent, converted 99% of net worth to Bitcoin, U.S. Civil War happens, effing wild. All right, so we obviously today are going to get into what exactly biology is talking about and then all the responses and I'll give you a little bit of my take at the end of it. So, a few days ago, biology put up this tweet called the bit signal. He says, how do you ring the fire alarm on the Internet? How do you show it's not a false alarm? I'm putting up the bit signal. Now, this first version of this tweeter, this first tweet was basically a request for people to share the best charts, graphs, statistics that show effectively how screw the current financial system is, the type of thing that biology argues you wouldn't get from normal mainstream media and he was going to give a $1000 in Bitcoin for the best thousand tweets. He is arguing here that the existing system, the central bankers, et cetera, have hid insolvency from us and they're about to print a huge amount of money in order to save themselves from that. And so Bitcoin is likely to be the recipient, but more than just Bitcoin, it's about the underlying story. So that went up on March 16th. Then the next day, on March 17th, someone says, I'll bet anyone $1 million that the U.S. does not enter hyperinflation. James medlock is a neoliberal guy or whatever, I guess he says social Democrat in the streets, market socialists in the sheets. And so he has this bet on Twitter and biology says I will take that bet. You buy one Bitcoin, I will send 1 million USD odds 40 to one odds as Bitcoin is worth about 26 term is 90 days. Blah, blah, blah, blah, and all the terms and stuff. And this just set the Internet on fire.
The Breakdown
Balaji Srinivasan Makes Million-Dollar Bets on Bitcoin Price
"All right guys, well, another busy weekend. If you were on Twitter, I'm sure you saw the frenzy of debate around balaji's $1 million Bitcoin bet. TLDR, balaji, srinivasan, who is the former coinbase CTO and just generally interesting thinker, he authored that book, the network state, which is also the name of his new podcast, and has been on this show before as well, has been what he has been ringing the alarm as he puts it around impending financial crisis. He is arguing that these bank failures are a direct result of fed policies, and he thinks it gets worse before it gets better. Now to put his money where his mouth is, he's taken at least two people up on a $1 million bet that Bitcoin reaches a $1 million per coin within 90 days. If that seems crazy to you, you are certainly not alone. That has been the standard response from people in the fin twit space and from traditional finance, but those who are in crypto don't quickly forget just how prescient biology's predictions around the COVID-19 pandemic were. Anyways, it's something I'm watching, but if you want more in depth on that, go check out the YouTube channel. I did a whole episode around it on Sunday. To the extent the story continues and it continues to shape debates, I may come back to that later in the week.
Mike Gallagher Podcast
The Life Story of Vivek Ramaswamy, 2024 Presidential Candidate
"It starts really bluntly with the strong family foundation, both with my parents and then the family we're building here in Ohio today. My parents came as immigrants in the late 70s and early 80s. They did not have a lot of money when they came here. But I'd say the number one thing I benefited from growing up, and this is probably the biggest competitive advantage anybody could have. Not some big financial inheritance. In some ways, that would have been an encumbrance. I wouldn't have achieved the things that I had in my life. If that's what I had waiting for me. The thing I benefited from was a family foundation that emphasized education. Emphasized merit emphasized excellence. That was what my upbringing was all about. And I'm really grateful to my parents for it. We're trying to give that to our kids now. Anyway, I ended up going to Harvard for college. I studied molecular biology. I pursued a first career in science. I became a first a BioTech investor, then I actually left to found a BioTech company that was designed to challenge the managerial bureaucracy of big pharma. Big pharma is a broken industry. It's a regulated industry by FDA and it tries to imitate FDA. Well, you know what? As a capitalist, I said that creates opportunity. So I developed a number of drugs in areas that big pharma was not focused on. That resulted in actually 5 FDA approved products. I'm incredibly proud of them. One of them is in an FDA approved drug for prostate cancer today. It's a multi-billion dollar business. I built it from scratch. I let it as CEO for 7 years. But I stepped down from my job as a CEO to focus on this different kind of cancer in America. It was a cancer that threatened to kill the dream that allowed me to achieve what I had. It's this new woke religion. This is not even a religion. It's really a cult. It hasn't withstood the test of time. That's why I call it a cult. You know, climate ism, COVID ism, gender ideology, racial wokeism, that really threatened to kill even Martin Luther King's dream from 60 years ago. And so I couldn't do that as a CEO. I would have damaged my company if I was speaking out while I was still CEO. So I stepped aside. I wrote three books, two of them are out already, woke in and nation of victims, a third one's going to come out later this year. But I traveled the country. I've been to a majority of states, and as much as I, you know, was talking about the problem. I'm a man of action.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Oli London Tried to Cure His Unhappiness by Changing His Identity
"I am told by campus activists that we are not allowing enough young people, the opportunity to chop off their breasts or chemically castrate themselves. I am told when I go on college campus is that it's affirming care to have 11 year olds. Go in multi hour surgery to try to change their biology. Very powerful story we have this hour is incorporates the story of Ali London. Ali has a new book coming out called detransition, a memoir. And I'm going to allow Ali to tell his story here because it's very powerful and it applies directly to the times that we are living in Ali, welcome to the program. Hi, Charlie, great to meet you. So Ali, why don't you tell your story to our audience and we'll go from there? Right. So as a young kid, I always question my gender, I used to be a little bit more feminine. So I would play with Barbie dolls. I wasn't interested in sports. I wasn't interested in boys things. And as I became a teenager at school, you know, that's a very difficult time when you're going through puberty. You always question yourself, you know, some people get confused and at the time I was confused, I used to get bullied a lot. For the way I looked, people would call me ugly, horrible names, girls wouldn't want to date me when I was at school. They said I was too feminine or too much like a girl. So I'd always had questions about my gender and you know, I was kind of listening to what people are saying about me and I thought, you know what? I want to prove these buddies wrong. I want to change myself. I want to make myself look better. So as I became an adult, I started having surgery. I was living in Korea. I liked the Korean aesthetics, so it really started from there. And I got to a point where I'd had dozens of plastic surgeries over a ten year period. And I still wasn't happy. And I always had people telling me I was more feminine. I was more like a girl. You know, all throughout my life. So I got to a point where I was like, maybe these people are right. Maybe I've been chasing all this plastic surgery all this profession, maybe I'm misplacing this and maybe I'm meant to be a trans. So I actually had 11 facial feminization surgery procedures, which were so painful, couldn't even open my eyes for three days, and that was to feminize my face. I got hair extensions. I was living as a transgender woman, going out in public, you know, I was at the Cannes Film Festival wearing dresses and, you know, I was happy for a short time. It was a temporary fix, which I think many people that transitioned. They have that temporary serotonin that dopamine rush, and then after a while, that kind of evaporates and then you realize, wow, I've made a mistake.
The Dinesh D'Souza Podcast
Dinesh Continues His Discussion of Darwinian Evolution
"I want to pick up my discussion of evolution. Darwinian evolution and in today's segment, I'm going to actually make the case for evolution. Now I'm going to be subsequently pointing out limitations of evolution, what evolution doesn't show and doesn't prove, but here I want to focus on what evolution does do. And evolution is, it should be said at the outset, very well established in the field of biology. Virtually every prominent biologist in the world. Supports some form of evolution or the other. In other words, the belief in evolution is as universal today among biologists. I say the belief about the Big Bang is among physicists or the theory of relativity is among physicists worldwide. You're going to get numbers around 99% or higher that accept evolution that evolution did occur. We might debate some of the details about how, but that evolution occurred, we do agree. It's important to know that. It's also important to know that some of the objections to evolution that seem commonsensical have, in fact, been answered. Is the fossil record inadequate? Well, yeah, it is in the sense that you don't have every intermediate form. But it's also true that there are now hundreds of thousands of fossils. And so while you don't have every fossil, you have a lot of them. And as a result of that, you're able to put fossils together and also date them. You're able to lay them out, let's say, on a very long table, according to date, and we'll come back to this, but the layout, the pattern that you see is actually very revealing.
AP News Radio
4-day workweek trial in UK: Shorter hours, happier employees
"9 out of ten companies who took part in the world's biggest trial of a four day workweek are not going back to 5 days. Britain's royal society of biology took part in the trial. It involves longer workdays, employee Tessa Gibson loves the four day workweek. Weekends could be quite hectic. The two day weekend. So it's been quite nice to have that extra day. You see your friends and family on the two days when they're also free and then you get that extra day off during the week. Just to do all your chores or just to have that time to yourself. The Royal Society of biology's chief executive doctor Mark downs has seen a change. We see there's actually been a decline in the amount of sick days. But Jay Richards, cofounder of London's image and insight says four days is rushing it. He's tweaking the traditional work schedule. We do a 5 day week, but ten to four. So we shorten the days, and that means that the employees get to have that work life harmony, but they're not actually shorting their week. 70% of employees in the trial reported reduced levels of burnout. I'm Ed Donahue.
AP News Radio
Slain students were 'incredibly loved,' 'tremendous' leaders
"A Virgil was held Tuesday for three Michigan state university students killed on campus by a gunman Monday night. The vigil aired by WXYZ was held at a Catholic Church in gross point Michigan where two of the victims had attended high school. We will be strong. We will be confident and we will be able to persevere this most difficult and tragic time. Victim Alexandria verner was a junior studying integrated biology and anthropology. Brian Fraser was a sophomore who was president of his fraternity chapter, and Ariel Anderson wanted to graduate early, hoping to become a surgeon as soon as possible. I'm Donna Warner.
Innovation Now
"biology" Discussed on Innovation Now
"NASA took space biology to new heights on Artemis one. This is innovation now, bringing you stories behind the ideas that shape our future. NASA's Artemis one mission was designed to do more than just test the world's largest rocket. The uncrewed flight test included several science and technology experiments to help pave the way for humans to return to the moon. One of ten miniature satellite experiments launched during the flight, bio sentinel, a shoebox sized CubeSat, carrying microorganisms in the form of yeast, was designed to give researchers new insights into space biology. In both human cells and the same yeast that makes bread rise in beer brew, high energy radiation can cause breaks in the entwined strands of DNA that carry genetic information. Often, DNA damage can be repaired by cells in a process that is very similar between yeast and humans. The bio sentinel team will trigger a series of experiments remotely throughout the 6 to 12 month mission. The team will monitor vital signs of the yeast to see how they fare when exposed to radiation, and use what they learn to develop strategies for reducing potential harm to humans during long-term exploration. For innovation now, I'm Jennifer pulley. Innovation now is produced by the National Institute of aerospace. Through collaboration with NASA.
The Hugh Hewitt Show: Highly Concentrated
Women and Children First? Not So Fast
"Up my question perfectly. Women and children first has been a rule of organized society as long as there has been organized society. Am I right about that? Do you think? I mean, I think so. I mean, we've seen people sort of there was a moral code that if you didn't rescue women and children first, then you've done something deeply morally wrong. So even though people haven't necessarily followed it, yes, it has been a moral sort of standard. Will that I hate J. K. Rowling, people? Hate the idea of women and children first. You know where I'm going with this, which is. It's all biological. It's all driven, but that women and children first thing in all driven by biology, but biology is under attack and J. K. Rowling is the number one martyr for the cause of biology, though it was hard to believe that would ever be a cause it is one. Yeah, I mean, I don't know how you rescue women and children first if women, we can't define what a woman is. And children are now small humans that can go to drag shows. Yes. There's no such thing as a woman. There's no such thing as a child. They've completely stripped away the definition of both.
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"You said cancer, Alzheimer's, it sounds like what you're doing then is that you want to sort of understand biology of aging, get into market with certain diseases. But then these drugs could be used just more broadly. That's right. That's right. And in some ways, you can think of this as following the statins playbook, right? Well, tell people about that. What's that Playboy? So statins today are a drug that you can think of them at their prescribed as though they were an aging drug, right? Like if you're over 40, and you have a couple of risk biomarkers, your doctor will give you a statin. They were actually first approved for an orphan disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, people who had genetically very high levels of cholesterol. And then they were found to be efficacious more broadly in the label was expanded over time to be ultimately everyone, right? And I think those of us in the aging space where we're working on targets that have this amazing potential, it's all about getting that first approval and then widening to really get to all the patients as rapidly as you can. With statins that took 20 years, you know, to go from that first approval to the sort of broad use and hopefully we can do better. Hopefully we as a field can learn to do better. But there is that potential and it's been done before. It's not like a new way to develop drugs. So fingers crossed some of these drugs get across the finish line. Across the finish line in their first indications, these indications start to get broadened a bit. That's right. And when do you think we start making this transition or how is this transition work from, oh, I have this drug for muscle atrophy to now we have ways to address longevity. Yeah, we've seen that start to happen already with some other drugs, right? Like a great example is perhaps metformin. So metformin is one of these first line diabetes therapies. It's been used by millions of people over decades. And people did a retrospective analysis, some time ago now, and showed that diabetics on metformin were living longer and getting less cancer than diabetic diabetics and other medicines or even then control people, right? Some caveats retrospective analysis, but really very exciting finding. And today it's actually fairly standard to get metformin off label. You probably know people who are doing what they do. That's true for rapamycin as well. And I mean, that said, that said, we as a field, I think, still need to we don't know if it's going to make them live ten years longer. That takes a long time to measure. But the field is coming up with better biomarkers. And honestly, we still need real clinical trials of some of these as well. But it's interesting to put this in the context of companies or Institutes that are going straight after longevity. What do you think that's going to look like? It almost feels like it's trying to make a tunnel by going from two ends. You could go from the specific indications and broaden them, or you could go after longevity more broadly. I mean, maybe it's worth talking associate for the audience, something like the Yamanaka factors. Yeah, it's like a cocktail of factors that can reset every cell to a younger safe state. And that's really exciting. Resetting every cell to younger states. So what is that? What does that even mean?
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"And for certain hypotheses, I think maybe we're getting more and more there. We have all this human data. So that's right. Yeah, yeah. Well, so this is one of the ways that I think about it, right? So you've got this sort of lifetime signal where more people in is good for you. And that's great. That means that if you get enhanced apelin signaling for decades, that's good for you. But the separate question, which we're going to be asking in the clinic, is if you're already sick, and we improve your Apollo signaling, can we see a dramatic effect quickly that actually impacts on a disease? And that's a very different question. It's sort of taking a system that's disrupted and trying to fix it by tweaking this one variable and seeing if that alone suffices to fix the condition. So I do think I still believe that the right preclinical preclinical experiments can be tremendously derisking and value creating as you move towards the clinic. Because yeah, there are experiments that you would do with mice that we wouldn't do with people. And there'll be probably many areas of mouse biology that overlaps with human biology. Yeah, I'm sure we're going to miss things too though, right? Like so much of what we do in aging biology is an invertebrates. A lot of it is in mice and vertebrates, of course, are incredibly different from us. We are not flies or worms or yeast. But even mice in the lab, they die pretty much exclusively from cancer, right? That is not true for humans. It's cancer, cardiovascular disease, right? I think we need to develop better models. But at least for those things that are conserved, I think this is a great approach. And you'll have specificity, maybe you'll miss some sensitivity for the things that are not in both. Yeah, that's exactly how we think about it, right? We want to execute first in those targets with the most evidence that tick all the boxes and yes, we might miss some that don't take all the boxes, but because there are so many targets emerging. We can still have a big set. We can move forward with high confidence with confidence that it will work in humans. And there seems to be such a big problem in BioTech and that you've heard my old joke like it's a great time to be a rich mouse. And so here you have some data that would suggest it would work in humans. Yeah, that's why we always like to start with human data because you want to know that the pathway really matters there. And compared to all the other pathways that are affecting the aging process, affecting the disease process. Okay, so then you actually then put in humans. Then we put it in humans. We put it into various mouse models of a muscle aging and saw a positive impact in several different models from sarcopenia to stem cell function to muscle atrophy. And we actually focused on the atrophy aspect for the clinic because that's where we saw the biggest effect size in the shortest window of time, which is exactly what you want to see in the clinic. So the particular mouse experiment that motivated our clinical design as we took some very old mice and we put it cast and one of their arms and after three weeks you can remove the cast and weigh the muscle and it's undergone substantial atrophy. In fact, they lose close to half the weight of their muscle. And we saw substantial protection for those mice that were on the drug. And in fact, there was no significant difference in the muscle decline.
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"Been a very long time. That's fantastic. Yeah, yeah. And we both had actually shared an interest in aging biology. He'd gone down a career to get his MD and we'd still always talk about agent biology, even collaborated on a paper together actually back when I was in grad school. So it was very natural for us to do something together. To find the company, you get some initial funding. Yes. And then you're off to the races. That's right. Yeah. Maybe we could fast forward a bit. How do you go from having the idea that aging biology could have an impact in disease to actually becoming a Therapeutics company? The very first step for us was to establish that by looking at human biology, watching the process of aging unfold in the right human datasets, we could find compelling targets at step one for us the very first thing we did when we started the company, we located and found and negotiated with several very special biobanks that started collecting samples from people humans when they were healthy and middle aged and these samples were collected as long as 50 years ago. They had samples that were collected longitudinally throughout the lives of these people that were tied to health records with information on how long those people lived. The diseases they got as they aged and also critically their health span. So how their muscles, aged over time, how their brain aged over time. And this is what we really believed we needed. This kind of data to understand aging because human aging doesn't happen overnight. Or it doesn't happen in two weeks, like it does in the worms, which we'd like to study in universities. I mean, otherwise you have the company would have to be around for a couple hundred years to exactly exactly. Yeah, so the idea was that we could do what is basically a 50 year experiment if we could get our hands on the right samples and analyze it in the right way using modern technologies like proteomics, metabolomics.
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"Age labs. You'll also hear from Vijay pandey, general partner at a 16 Z bio in health. Together, we discussed how Kristen became interested in the biology of aging, how she started a company, the state of aging research today, and some more practical matters, like how long a hypothetical venture capitalist can expect to live. Let's get started. So Kristen, welcome to by Reed's world. Thank you for joining us. Thanks, Vijay. I thought we'd start off by talking a bit about your founder journey. The biology of aging and longevity is pretty unique space. And so I think people would love to hear what got you here. I mean, that really dates back an incredibly long time. I've been really fascinated by science and science fiction and Adrian biology since I was a kid, really. Probably reading tons of science fiction as a kid. I think that's important for a lot of founders that I talk to actually, yeah. And I'm curious, what was your favorite book as a kid? Oh, good question. I like a lot of Greg Egan's stories. If you know him, they're really sort of hard so far. I don't know. You don't know. You should check them out. We can link it in the show notes. Read lots of the classic stuff too. I'm pretty, I still read tens of the stuff. Yeah, so that got you interested in science, and I think many of us had similar kind of backgrounds. So then what gets you on the path to doing it academically? You know, I was always reading about aging biology. I was always very excited about that in particular because it seemed like it could have sets tremendous potential for medicine for healthcare and it was still very new science. So I was always kind of like really reading from the outside and as an undergraduate, I actually went into math and physics first, but I was always kind of reading about aging biology on the side. And then for my PhD, I decided that I wanted to get into the field myself. So I did a PhD in bioinformatics, but focused on aging biology because I was sort of the quantitative skills that I knew, applied to the problems that I cared about. And at the time, I analyzed large datasets to build biomarkers and to repurpose drugs.
The Dinesh D'Souza Podcast
The Campaign to 'Re-Educate' Jordan Peterson
"I've been talking about cancel culture and James Madison. I now want to talk about the extension of the same cancel principle to the Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson. Not sure if you're familiar with Jordan Peterson. But Jordan Peterson sort of, you may say, emerged on the scene several years ago as a psychologist who was challenging a lot of the entrenched doctrines of the left. And specifically the whole doctrine that there are no such thing as men and women, there's no important distinction between the two sexes, people can be whatever sex that they choose to be. And Jordan Peterson was bringing a wealth of credentials of intellectual sophistication of understanding of human biology, but also understanding of human psychology, to you may say, call BS on this on this whole project. And it became kind of a sensation, not just because he was a critic of the work. But also because a lot of young men who themselves feel a little bit lost. They are a little confused. They hear all the stuff about manliness. And really what the left is doing is presenting a notion of manliness that's kind of unmanly, at least unmanly by traditional historical standards, and it leaves young boys who are growing up to be men a little befuddled. And so it was refreshing for them to hear. And so Jordan Peterson would he became almost kind of a rockstar. He'd go from you'd have these large speaking events, almost like they were put on by live nation or one of these tour groups and you'd have large numbers of young people, mostly male listening to him and kind of holding on to his every insight, then Jordan Peterson developed a kind of a serious illness. He withdrew, but now he's back and so and he's back in a big way on Twitter and he posted recently breaking the Ontario college of psychologists. Has demanded the I submit myself to a mandatory social media communication retraining with their experts for among other things retweeting and he names a guy who's a kind of a classical liberal and criticizing Justin Trudeau and his political allies.
AP News Radio
Probation for ex-teacher in NY who gave teen vaccine dose
"A woman who was once a Long Island teacher and gave a student an unauthorized shot of a COVID vaccine in a viral TikTok video pleads guilty. Laura Parker Russo gave her son 17 year old friend the COVID vaccine last year at her home. She pled guilty to unauthorized practice of medicine and disorderly conduct in exchange for the misdemeanor plea, Russo will perform a hundred hours of community service, serve a year probation and attend counseling twice a week. She was also issued a stay away order of protection from the teen, the 55 year old former biology teacher could have faced felony charges and jail time. The NASA DA says they signed off on the plea deal based on Russo's long-standing
Lex Fridman Podcast
"biology" Discussed on Lex Fridman Podcast
"To a toaster that's feeling sad today in turns away and looks out out the window sighing, having an existential crisis. Speaking of Marvin, the paranoid Android, is that Marvin is simplistic because Marvin is just cranky. Yes. So easily programmed. Yeah, easily programmed, nonstop existential crisis. You're almost basically what is the notes from underground, but this deal is just constantly complaining about life. No, capturing the full roller coaster of human emotion. The excitement, the bliss, the connection, the empathy and all that kind of stuff. And then the selfishness, the anger, the depression, all that kind of stuff. The capturing all of that and be able to experience it deeply. Like it's the most important thing you could possibly experience today. The highest highs, the lowest lows. This is it. My life will be over. I can not possibly go on. That feeling and then after a nap, you're feeling amazing. That might be something that emerges. So why would a nap? Make an AI being feel better. First of all, we don't know that for a human either, right? But we do know that that's actually true for many people, much of the time, maybe. In fact, feel better. So, oh, you are actually asking the technical question there is. So there's a biological answer to that. And so the question is whether AI needs to have the same kind of attachments to its body, bodily function and preservation of the brain's successful function. Self preservation essentially, in some deep biological sense. I mean, to my mind, it comes back round to the problem we were talking about before about simulations and sensory input and learning what all of this stuff means. And life and death. The biology unlike society has a death penalty over everything. And natural selection works on that death penalty that if you make this decision wrongly, you die. And the next generation is represented by beings that made a slightly different decision on balance. And that is something that's intrinsically difficult to simulate in all its richness. I would say. So what is it? In all its richness. Our relationship with death. Or the whole of it. So when you say richness, of course, there's a lot in that. Which is hard to simulate. What's part of the richness that's hard to simulate. I suppose the complexity of the environment and your position in that the position of an organism in that environment in the full richness of that environment over its entire life over multiple generations with changes in gene sequence over those generations are slight changes in the makeup of those individuals over generations. But if you take it back to the level of single cells, which I do in the book and ask how do how does a single cell in effect know it exists as an unit as an entity? I mean, no, in inverted commas, obviously it doesn't know anything. But it acts as a unit, and it acts with astonishing precision as a unit. And I had suggested that that's linked to the electrical fields on the membranes themselves and that they give some indication of how am I doing in relation to my environment as a kind of real-time feedback on the world. And this is something physical.
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"And that's also fine. But I think the rise of the interface has really sort of led to this new area. I do see more and more of the interface between quantitative approaches and science not per se engineering, but quantitative advances are really getting after data analytics. And embracing this notion that machine learning and more broadly, computer based modeling and data analysis is becoming dominant as people are trying to figure out how to embrace our increased ability to collect a lot of data and analyze data. Yes, one thing that I was talking about internally almost says investing theme is, you know, we're a synthetic biology on the hype cycle. My read on is it's gone past peak height and has sort of in the now getting into production getting too useful. Synthetic biology has been hampered by basically too much hype from its very beginning. And I think there's multiple reasons for that. One is that it's a very romantic exciting field. This idea that you can engineer life to address some of the world's biggest problems is exciting. And second is that I think we've had an unchecked field that is not yet an established discipline and say you have fringe elements that will grab their 15 minutes of fame to put out stuff that is frankly not realistic. Sounds right, likely will work, but could take centuries to accomplish. And we've been hurt by that. Now if you go back to the mid 2000s, our field took a strong left turn toward bio energy. And there are many factors driving it starting around 2004 where you had gas prices going north of football, so the first time you had then president Bush, calling for alternatives to petroleum, you had large oil companies looking for alternatives, you had venture capitalists seeing boy, there was a real opportunity here. And they heard about this exciting new space aesthetic biology where people were engineering bacteria and fungi to invert different foodstuffs and sunlight into fuel. Sounds like a panacea. Sounds brilliant and they've poured hundreds of millions of dollars into it. You had Department of Energy and other national funding similarly pouring huge monies in. And it was too early..
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"With the same three repressor proteins using dynamic modeling. And instead of creating a toggle switch that consisted of two genes trying to shut each other off, they created what they called a repressilator, a ring oscillator, similarly motivated by electronics and electrical engineering. They consisted of three genes in series, a tries to shut up B B tries to show F C, C tries to show a same parts just different circles. Exactly the same parts different circuit. They submitted to nature. We submit ours to nature. They end up being published at the launch, the turn of the century in January, late January, and nature back to backpack. The next week, the head editorial said, oh, you know, physicists are beginning to move into molecular biology. And he says, you should look back at those two papers because there's something interesting going on. You know, the raising interesting point about how everyone on the biology side thought this wasn't possible. Almost like the biologists, some of them have an immune response against engineering. That's a great way to put it. And that seems to continue even to today. It is, and I have many, many close friends and colleagues who biologists, but I think within different academic disciplines is often too much tribalism. So the very common critique that we get to so they're not biologists, or they're not chemists, or they don't know basic biology. They don't know basic chemistry. Yes, yes, yes, yes and yes. I don't think it's fair, though. And I think that these problems really can benefit from many disciplinary approach and different perspectives. So we don't know the detail at the level of the biologists do. And one of the more common critiques we'll get anytime we submit papers to molecular biology journals is that all the cons of they don't have sufficient controls that were done. But I maintain that in almost every biology experiment, paper I've read, they've never had the controls that I'd like to see. Which is the idea that you can knock out a gene. What's lacking now can be treated the gene is absurd from a system. It's interesting because, you know, if you think about an extra engineer to physicist, electron engineer might not understand like a PMP junction and a transistor the way a physicist might. But can still use them and make parts out of them. And so I think there's just a role for each one of them. But there's a fundamental difference between doing science and doing engineering. Yes. And that culture clash is pretty distinct. Yeah, I was just going to say it's not entirely just that economic tribalism, right? It's a discomfort with a different kind of mode of knowledge. I would love to hear if you can describe a little bit more what beyond the tribalism is valid, what you try to think about or what you reject entirely. Yeah, I know it's fair. I think the difference is in science and engineering are healthy and valuable. I think in many cases, engineering benefits from science in that most of the work that we do from applied standpoint is really looking to see in what way can we utilize your exploit principles, discoveries that have been made in science and move toward an application. In the same way, science benefits tremendously from engineering in that as a new technology gets developed. It can just open up the ability to address. And answer new and different questions. And so there really is a great synergy. And it becomes interesting on the conference. Well, there's a synergy, but there is still a sort of criminal difference in how they view the world and how it is very different right in that the engineer often is very purposeful. Whereas the scientist is really driven more by curiosity. Can we discover? Can we learn more? And it's not that the engineer doesn't want to learn more. And an engineer can do remarkably well in many instances with little if any understanding of mechanism. And that will get after a black box..
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"And when I got pulled in, there were only 7 publicly available datasets. So the idea you could reverse engineer a large scale network is ludicrous. And what were those types of data that were lacking? So there was largely expression dataset. And in those days, it was really microarray. So we, even though the technology just appeared, we didn't have those datasets. We didn't have a wet lab. We didn't have the capability. And so we began to think about, could you put together molecular parts in a network? Could we instead take a tinkerer's approach to molecular biology? So the expression is the output. What's the input? Like, how were you perturbing it then? Well, so on that side, we had no perturbation. Perturbation would be that you're going to kick the system, or you're going to stimulate the system. Flip the light, switch off the surface. Let's say you have your radio on in your kitchen upstairs with the volume on. You're going to run down and says, you're going to flip the switch as one by one until you hit the volume go off. That's a perturbation to your circuit that allows you to map out the circuit. We introduce techniques to do that. But even before we get there, we stumbled into what became synthetic biology. We said, okay, could we instead of figuring out how these large scale networks award together? Could we put them together ourselves? Could we do it with intent? So could we design circuits with a desired architecture and a desired function? And that's the key difference, right? In this entire approach that you're designing. Exactly. We are really doing biology by design in some cases we're taking natural parts and putting them in new and different ways. In other cases, we're building new parts and then putting us together in new or even established architectures. We spent about 9 months thinking about what we wanted to build. And we arrived at building a genetic toggle switch. And this was motivated by electrical engineering, where toggle switches, which are also called flip flops, RS latch, is a very simple memory elements. Memory switches that can be flipped between zero, one in the binary state or on off by just a transient electrical signal. Toggle switches are at the heart of digital memory. And we cycle through many different schematics and circuit diagrams. And arrived at one that was basically mutually inhibitory network, where we have two genes that are set up so they always want to be on, but they're arranged so they're trying to shut each other off. And we showed mathematically and computationally that you should be able to have it as a bistable system. It either wants to exist in state aging, one is on a gene two is off. Or stay Beijing to his on a G one is off. And in principle, you should be able to flip it between those states by translate delivering a chemical or an environmental system that would shut off your currently active gene, allowing the gene that had been kept off by that active gene, allowed to come on, that now would produce enough protein that would shut off the gene that had been on. And you can remove your stimulus, and you flip from state to state B of state B to the state. Like electric engineering, except not electrons, but it's now a wet circuit. But in this case, we actually did mathematical modeling computation. And now the next segue was I reached out to Eric eisenstadt, who was a program officer at the office of naval research, who was running a gene circuit modeling program. And I told him what we're doing and I more or less called him once a month for every over about 6 months. Could you give us money to try to build this in a lab? And he kept putting me off putting it off and I basically warmed down..
a16z
"biology" Discussed on a16z
"Over the last 20 years, the idea of designing biology has gone from science fiction to just science, as the field of synthetic biology has exploded. With applications from Therapeutics to manufacturing and more. In this episode from January 2019, one of the pioneers in the field, professor James J Collins of MIT. Joins a 16 C general partner on the bio health fund, Vijay pandey, an editorial partner Hannah winarski to discuss the origins of symbio, including what engineering and designing biology really looks like in action and the disciplinary differences between how biologists and engineers see the world and much more. Hi, and welcome to the a 16 Z podcast. I'm Hannah, and in this episode, general partner on the bio fund Vijay pandey and I talk all about the field of synthetic biology with Jim Collins Professor of bioengineering at MIT and one of the pioneers of the discipline of synthetic biology..
On The Verge
"biology" Discussed on On The Verge
"Welcome to on the verge. Everyone my name is karen bradley. These are your morning messages. I m going to take a slightly different direction in the next few days. Just giving you a heads up. I've been talking for the last honestly. The last few weeks been going deep into mindsets and a lot of personal stuff about my own wellbeing and how. I'm feeling what's happening with me. And i want to take a right turn here and talk to you about how your biology drives your psychology. What i mean by that. I've talked about this before. How you feel physically how your biological systems are. Interacting are balanced are optimized are driving your psychology drive. How you show up mentally every day there is absolutely no denying it. We can spend the rest of our lives with our noses in self help books trying to think our way out of a bad mood but you can't at the end of the day. Yes you can change your thoughts and yes. I believe immensely in the power of our thoughts and knowing our mental patterns but at the end of the day if we want all systems humming optimized so that we have wonderful quality of life something that is known as health span not lifespan but health span. Then we need to focus below the neck so to speak. We need to really get underneath the hood and understand different areas of our physiology and what may need some attention. And i tell you this not because i have mastered this because i have not but over the course of the last thirty years or so. We have learned so much in research about the impact. Different aspects of our biology have on our mental health on our capacity to perform on our ability to connect with one another to create. So you have may may have spent most of your life in your head thinking thinking or you may be very in tune to what's happening in your physiology and for the next few days i just want to highlight different aspects of your biological systems. That may need tweaking. That could use a little attention that will impact your overall body. Mind state something that. I call mental fitness. Our mental fitness is our capacity to consistently feel strong calm and clear. It's a capacity that allows us to step forward into our lives with our without feeling most genuine authentic and confident feeling bold and courageous and brave being able to meet life head on instead of hiding away or playing small when these systems and i will talk about our gut. 'cause that's the route. Our gut nervous system. Our immune system are cardiovascular. System are muscular skeletal system when these systems are in sync or in coherence. It's like that well oiled machine. Things start to hum and it also impacts our brain because obviously our brain is not disconnected from our body it is all one and it impacts our thought patterns are thought rhythms our brain rhythms. And how we think clearly or not clearly however able to focus or not. Focus how we're able to handle stress or recover something. I've been working on a lot and what i've learned from my own investigation personal investigation. Is that it all matters what i eat matters how i breathe matters. How a move matters how i sleep matters my social connections matter. Not one of these can be left aside if we want to truly truly realize our in this lifetime so there was a lot there. This is kind of a little introduction to where i'm headed. I look forward to diving deep. It's going to be a challenge for me to get this all in six minutes or less. But i'm going to encourage you to look at the show notes to really make sure that you are checking though show notes because i am going to take the time for you to really pack them in with resources giddy up my friend..
KLBJ 590AM
"biology" Discussed on KLBJ 590AM
"Biology and or science? By this very sort of ramifications are putting in place. They're not going to follow science. So why should they build allow a child to fail? You know your question you're on to something there. Maybe we should go into round rock high school and find the top 10 AP Biology students. And let them tell us about the data and the facts for sure, Right? You know, you know what I mean. It totally flies in the face of real data and science without doing it. You teach science when you can't follow it. You know that kid born a male and I feel like a female. That does not make me a female. By all accounts of biology. You cannot ever failed another kid. You know, I got to write that down. How does he say the word biology Their apology? Santiago. That's how that's how hard Warner he hired. Hired Warner. Uh, he was my biology teacher. You're in high school is that's about a Jr heard hard biology. People. You've got to take a param assume for what it is. That's what I remember. Man. Yeah. Alright. Alright. Remember what the paramecium is? But the crab? Take it for what? It he is Jonathan. All the title Don show this morning, Jonathan. Checking in from Steiner Ranch. Oh, good morning, guys. She's about to get a divorce. Yes, sir. What's going on? Man. I think when it comes to the data, you're missing something really big on the guy that develop Lieutenant governor who is not from Texas. That's not his real name to be like back. Let's start with that. Is a talk show host who is probably on his way out because looking at finding some way of getting something going, Let's be honest. There are no the black people that are here in Texas are the minority. Okay? The white people that are here are the majority and in his what he said. Listen to what he said. He said. He would reserve they reserve the right to not force people or to not pressured to give them the freedom to not get vaccinated, which is basically saying people could die. If they don't get back Then I went to a jump in place with kids this weekend. There's a pack. With parents and kids everywhere. Every black person I saw had a mascot and had their kids have massed on. Listen,.
TED Radio Hour
"biology" Discussed on TED Radio Hour
"To this.
TED Radio Hour
"biology" Discussed on TED Radio Hour
"To this.
TED Radio Hour
"biology" Discussed on TED Radio Hour
"Support for npr comes from entercom presenting. This message. customer support doesn't have to be chaotic intercom tools. Make it easy for businesses to offer world class. Customer support at any scale inter calms resolution lower support ticket volume by thirty three percent. This leaves reps free to resolve more tickets and handle issues. Only a human can self-serve support lightens the load by answering frequent questions automatically for faster first response and resolution times learn more at entercom dot com slash support. This message comes from. Npr sponsor ford introducing the mustang mach e global brand director of electric vehicles. Jayson castro says that it was a daring move for ford to make this new mustang in all electric. Suv knoll team. Just rally behind. That really took on the challenge of. How do we get people excited about battery electric vehicles. And when you think about mustang. It's you know one of the world's most renowned in konic sports car so to bring our greatest Forward unintended in we really wanted to be able to come out with a bang and make a splash and show everybody. That ford was very serious about electrifying. All of our great products you know because this is really about the future ford it as it is as much a singular product and we want to continue to deliver at extra horse in the stable steed for every need. We've got a couple of great puns around it But were pretty excited about it to learn more about the creation of forwards all electric mustang mach e goats ford dot com investigations into police use of force and misconduct. Where secret in california. Until now we've sifted through hours of interrogation tape to find out who assistant of police accountability really served and who does protect. Listen now to every episode of the new podcast on our watch from npr and kick you weeding. It's the ted radio hour from npr. I'm minutia summary. And on the show today the biology of sex because it's more complicated than just female or male x x or x y one of the things that i was super surprised about was finding out the spectrum of biological sex. You know we say x.'s. Female why is male or ex-exits female and x. wise mail. I mean that's how we share someone if they're having a boy or they're having a girl when they announced that they're pregnant people love those gender reveal parties. Yeah this is radio journalist molly webster and what. I came to find out that you can be a whole compilation of xs wise. So you can be x x y. The x y y can be ex. Oh i mean it just goes on. Now's like things that i thought. Were just like immutable. Biological truths can be changed in some way. A lot of these kinds of questions came up from ali while she was working on. A series called gonads episode three. I'm molly webster for the show. Radio app or listening to radio found. These chromosomes was clear. That if you had x x two x chromosomes who would develop as a female him atomic female. And if you had y-chromosome x y you develop as an anatomic mail a boy. That was the thinking you see. Roger that is not wrong. But i think what i became very fascinated in was all the ways in which they're so much more to the story than just egg and sperm maker like in connection to x and y which then raised one really big question. Why do we have such a simplistic view of biological sex. It's a specific way of thinking about things from a certain moment in history that we are potentially starting to rethink. I think it's helpful to see sort of the history of how we understand sex in a longer timeframe and that takes us to the turn of the twentieth century when scientists first discovered that the last that twenty-third pair of chromosomes decides are sacks for me. The true story of x. y. Starts with their name years. Molly webster on the ted stage along with some voices of scientists. She taped while reporting on her series so within years of being discovered these. Two little chromosomes had acquired more than ten different names. There was dip alyssum and hetero chromosome ideo chromosome and most of the names had to do with their structure their shape their size and then there was sex chromosome which they had been given because of the fact that we had started seeing that the x. would go with the females and the why would often go with the males but scientists were like. Do we really want to call them. Sex chromosomes and scientists are in sarah. Richardson is the one who told me the story. For three decades scientists were like. You should not call them. The sex chromosomes the x and y have many funk homes and You know you wouldn't assume that. A single chromosome controls a single trait. Imagine calling one chromosome. Urogenital chromosome or the liver chromosome. They ended up getting sex chromosome but in the hundred year. History since we settled on that name you can start to get a little complicated x and y. Their discovery in our understanding of them are actually super foundational. Crucial to the field of genetics. But even when that field was just very very nascent there was even a hesitation at that moment to assign a total identification of sex to these chromosomes and there were warnings of like sex is a really really powerful word that has all these connotations and traits associated with it culturally socially and attaching that to something biological can be pretty sticky. Yeah and it's something we can played a lot with gender too right. Yeah you know there's gender which is how we identify in that's a personal identification on top of our physiology and so when i'm talking about sex i'm talking really about our biology physiology so i'm feeling like a rising sense of foreboding here based on what you mentioned earlier about why the scientists were concerned about naming it. The sex chromosomes. Like what were the implications of calling them. Sex chromosomes yes. There have been a number sort of eta scientific level and at a social and cultural level. So in my talk. I end up just stepping through a couple of moments. That just jumped out at me. While i was doing research is like ooh. There's an implication. There's an implication and so my first stop was discovering x y y which it becomes known as something called the super male. Wait a super mail..
The Long Run
"biology" Discussed on The Long Run
"I spent my summers Interning and biopharmaceuticals as a way of getting professional experience and then again earning a few bucks. Over the summer. I spent the summer of nineteen. Ninety s was nineteen ninety six at genentech scaling up. What became toxin through their cell culture processes Spent a summer after that at merck in vaccine production facility Doing scale up work. And so i got a real sense of what bio manufacturing was. A comment was made to me though that second summer when i was at merck that changed how i was thinking about my career. My my supervisor. There is an mit chemical injuring phd. Allom he said to me offhand. One day you know the gross margins on chicken pox vaccine are like ninety plus percent. So even though you've helped improve yield this summer it's unlikely that your work will ever be implemented because it's so hard to go back to the fda and change a process that ended so profitable already that it's unlikely we'd be Implementing your changes. I thought well that's a bummer. You know i i. I spend my whole summer in the lab trying to eke out a little more yield and productivity and now i realize that seems to be not where at least at that moment of the industry the action was so i went back to school my senior year i really had a different mindset about looking for where technology industry wanted to participate and kind recognizing that the manufacturing in might not yet So you know at that point. In time i began to think kind of debate for myself between applying for a phd in chemical engineering which had been kind of the path. I was on versus. Maybe thinking about business as a part of that industry. I wanted to learn more about so. Is this when you decided to go to oxford. And pursue the business and economics angle. Yeah decided is an overstatement. I you know. I was blessed with an opportunity To go to england on a scholarship and shows us that scholarship to to kind of diversify intellectually into business and And it was great. It was a whole new frontier for me to learn Yeah i've found oxford pretty much. The polar opposite of mit were in it. You're always on the bleeding edge. You're always thinking about technology in the future. Oxford is a place where you have dinner. And a whole. That looks like it's straight out of harry potter at a long table wearing a black robe and saying a latin grace before dinner and talking politics in history and social justice over over the dinner table and i was. I was a fish out of water. If i had been. You know a pig in new york you know what at at. Mit fish out of water at oxford. But it really did broaden my horizons and change the way i thought about what i wanted to do with my life. And how long are we there. I was there for two years From one thousand nine hundred eighty two two thousand okay. Okay so by this point what. How did you think about the future. Two thousand this was. This was the year of the first draft sequence of the human genome. biology biotech was looking. Pretty interesting Were you thinking like hey. This is time to get a job or maybe go to graduate school for some more. Yeah it was it was. It felt like the the future was happening in two thousand. Remember the nasdaq was breaking records. Young people were flocking to start their own. Companies dot com were were underway of the human genome was happening. It felt at that moment when i wrapped up at oxford that you know four or five more years of schooling was not what i wanted to do. I wanted to get out there in kind of get into fight I i at that being said i was pretty risk intolerant And so a very low risk way to become involved in the industry was to join a consultant firm. Yeah joined mckinsey and company in their boston office. Where a lot of the practice was focused on the biopharmaceutical industry and it seemed like a good way for me to be close to the science and learn an apprentice on some of the business aspects of things that i still filled the field felt. I needed to learn. So i moved back to boston. And joined the kinsey in two thousand. And this is a classic experience for a lotta people out of school where you get exposed to a lot of different clients. They've all got their own specific set of issues. You come in there yes situation. You learn something you write something up but it can be a really good education for for learning about a variety of companies and industries. What was your experience like. My experience was really very positive. I mean it's it's more than apprenticeships than it is in education. I mean you're parachuted in to high pressure tough situations navy. It's the integration of two companies that just merged a major restructuring and cost cutting effort of accompanying crisis or you know a total rethink on the strategy of a drug launch based on clinical trial results. And you know at that time. Our model was to spend four or five days a week on site with our clients. So you're really parachuting into the physical offices of these companies and you're getting a chance to spend time with executives With a variety of different leadership approaches on a variety of different topics. And i really spent a lot of time watching you know in addition to doing my work watching the successful executives at my client's understanding how they lead How they made decisions how they communicated in the board room And soak up as much as i possibly could now. How did you end up at genzyme. After four years in consulting you really kinda hit a fork in the road where you gotta decide you want to be a partner in the consulting firm comment professional consultants or do you want to.
The Long Run
"biology" Discussed on The Long Run
"Brad. When i looked at your website is one of the first things you do when you prepare for an interview. You see things like your tagline is now map the universe of biology that is quite a phrase and and i really want you to dive in and help define that for for me and the listeners as we go on later in the show. It's it's really a bold statement we're looking to do. Both things administering luke and You know biology doesn't just happen With averages of biology across sells it happens in space were made up of tissue which has three dimensions of physical space and countless dimensions of biology. And there's a lot there to map and nanna strings right in the center of it. It is it's the little universe as opposed to the big the big universe in space anyway. Like with many of these interviews brad. I'd like to start out with a little bit on the person. So can you tell me just a little bit about You and where you come from. You're a native of columbia south carolina. Is that right. That's right columbia's the capital of south carolina. I grew up in a little suburb erm. Oh and Middle class neighborhood. Father was an engineer and entrepreneur. Who is kind of the early days of connecting personal computers to industrial control systems. Started a business in our garage and kinda ran it as a one man. show Coding pc's through the night on my mom was a special ed teacher and have younger brother. Younger sister Okay so you got some entrepreneurship in the family. My did you give tasked as a as a young kid working on your dad's business. No but i watched him and if anything. It made me more reluctant entrepreneur. I mean my father's business was ultimately not successful. He's he tried for on and off for a decade to make it on his own stubbornly refusing to take on partners or capital and It was tough. He eventually had to reenter the more traditional workforce which was a challenging thing to do. When you've been your own boss for a decade so if anything I think it made the approach entrepreneurship with a real sense of the risk As well as the reward