31 Burst results for "Ancient Rome"
Impact Theory with Tom Bilyeu
"ancient rome" Discussed on Impact Theory with Tom Bilyeu
"Think it's the exact opposite. Why? The nature of saving itself is that we are delaying present consumption and looking further into the future and engaging in longer term production processes. Now the Austrians describe this as the more round about the production process, which is equivalent to seeing the more finely we engage in the division of labor. So you have one long production process to produce a thing. The more finally we chop that up amongst ourselves, the more productive we become. So that effort, that impetus to push into longer production processes that are more roundabout and we're finally divided, that is innovation. That is how we become more than the sum of our parts. We accomplish greater true to me. So when I, that's it. You actually think inflation drives innovation. I do. Well, so I'll tell you why I think inflation. And look, trust me when I say, I am at the edge of, I am thinking through this in real time. So this is not me saying, I believe this. But this feels right to me. So when I think about what gets people to innovate, it is, if I bust my ass and I come up with something better than other people, I get more value from people in a very fair exchange where they think they're taking advantage of me because they'd rather have this thing that I've created than they want the money. Do you have them? Exactly. And so I'm like, are they word? This is amazing. Now, what we get into is right now with an inflating currency, people have just a sense of like, oh, this money is, it's inconsequential. God, this is going to sound stupid. But a dollar is only worth a dollar. Whereas a Bitcoin to me feels very precious. It's like this gets becomes $2, $3, $10, a hundred. So now I'm like, I don't really want to spend this. Okay, because of that, I don't have the ease of buying that I would. So now my evaluation of the thing that you've created. I'm way more scrutiny. So I mean, maybe just raises the bar on innovation, but I think it's saying to value investing, perhaps. So for a long time, people would only invest in projects that created real economic value. And if your money is holding purchasing power over time, that's a good bar. You can think about it like this. Imagine we're on a world run by Bitcoin. So there's one hard money fixed supply. Everyone uses it in the world. Every successful economic project, every entrepreneur, every innovation that successfully increases productivity. That accretes to the purchasing power of everyone's money. So in a world where your money is constantly losing purchasing power, that is not happening. So you get more junk, I guess. There's more of a, there's actually the incentive and this is related more directly to the violation of property, but there is an increased incentive to consume rather than invest. The more rapidly you violate property rights. And the more that it's permanent rather than intermittent. So if I know the high degree of certainty that you keep 20% of whatever that I make, then I have a 20% less incentive to engage in investment rather than consumption activities. And again, that's what we're doing when we print money. We're actually inducing or incentivizing consumption actions over investment actions and investment actions are what drive innovation. It's savings that underpin investments, investments in that long-term production structure I suggested. There's also R&D in their experimentation, right? We're trying new things. That is what creates innovation in the real world. So if anything, the innovation that we've seen in the 20th century has been in spite of central banking, not because of it. But it gets very murky here because it's very easy. You can swap someone else into the seat right now, some Keynes and economists, and they'll give you a completely different interpretation of economic history, right? They can go through the historical facts and trace their own arrow of causality and say, here's what happened. And we're back to Copernicus. Back to Copernicus, but here's what the libertarian philosophers did. They said, you can't mistake economic history for actual economics. Economics is more of a rationalistic science. You have axioms, man must act, man prefers present satisfaction to later satisfaction. All other things being equal. Like these axioms is like geometry. So I didn't understand why can't I take economic history as economics? If you take economic history, you can. Actually happened. So you say you can't say the interpretation of economics, social science, right? You can not economics in the same way as you can not mathematical psychology. I can't sit here and tell you the reason you're doing this is because there was a linear chain of causality and if we repeated this experiment again, the economic experiment would unfold in the same way. It's not possible because it's just too complicated. There's no documents. There's no constants in human action, right? So we know water freezes at 0°. Celsius. That's a constant. We can build a framework of knowledge around that. There are no constants in human action. It's constantly changing. It's all all these psychology's interlinked into the market process. We're going to derail on this, but I'm just going to plant the flag to say, I think there will be a day where we actually realize that human interactions are completely predictable, free will is a total myth. But that doesn't help us know. Like it'd be a pretty bleak day. I don't find it bleak because the experience will never feel like that. But that's going to completely derail us. Because right now, I don't free will is seems to just be provably an illusion. So we will definitely get derailed on this. Yes. All right, so instead of derailing on that, so this Copernicus idea of we have a theory, the theory is going to completely shape how we interpret things. And that's how we act. So what is the I call that a frame of reference? Frame of reference is everything. It is the distorted mirror that we perceive reality from. And to your point, it's individual. So everybody's got a frame of reference that's going to dictate how they think about what they see and that will actually impact how they feel, which will impact what they do. What is the so are the two using my language frames of reference that we're thinking about here, the keynesian model versus the Austrian? Let's talk about a very fundamental theory. Which is the theory of the individual. Now this is something that we take for granted today. We assume that you're an individual. I'm an individual. We're all freely interacting. But in ancient times, it wasn't this way. Actually, it was the family that was considered to be the primary social unit unit. They called it the paternal families, and everyone was basically perceived as a unit in that family that you served the ends of that family. It was religious in nature. This was an Ancient Rome. It was the religion, it was the family, and it was property. So we're talking about ancient people that set on one piece of land, generation after generation, the present living family took care of the ancestors, right? They worshiped the ancestors. They used to burn a hearth, there was a fire that every family maintained on an altar. And the first thing they did every time they would wake up in the morning is stoked the flames of that fire. And so that was to symbolize their property interest in that land that carried forward from their ancestors into the present day. And if that fire were extinguished, that was considered to be an equal symbolic expression of the family being extinguished. So the whole
TIME's Top Stories
"ancient rome" Discussed on TIME's Top Stories
"A warning for today's super rich from Ancient Rome's wealthiest man. By Peter stoddard, Peter stoddard, a former editor of the times of London, and of the times literary supplement, is the author of crassus, the first tycoon, published by Yale University press. An ever more unequal society loses its links to democracy. Wealth is good. Excess wealth distorts. Those were the lessons of the last years of the Roman Republic 2000 years ago. They are still lessons today. 7 years on from Donald Trump's first presidential campaign, it's easy to forget that his populism came from the Latin textbooks. When Trump was riding high, he followed closely, likely, not knowingly, the populists of Republican Rome. Trump was no Julius Caesar, except maybe in his dreams, but his electoral pitch did owe much to Caesar's uncle, Gaius Marius. Rome's first man of the people, who won election after election, a record 7 consulships by attacking the elitism of his enemies, and vaulting his own truth worthiness to the poor and left behind. When Trump used his purported wealth to prove his selflessness in seeking office, and an attacking Hillary Clinton as the client of the plutocrats. These were tactics that both Marius and Caesar would have instantly recognized. In 2022, the Latin lesson continues. Early Rome prospered not because it was an egalitarian democracy, but because it was generally more equal, open, and democratic than its rivals. For instance, freeing slaves when the Greeks thought that a step too far, but throughout the first century BCE, Rome's intermittent civil wars between its haves and have nots left one man eventually as the wealthiest politician of his time may be of all time. His name was Marcus licinius crassus. Like Trump crassus made his first fortune property, redeveloping land taken from the war's losers, building flashy mansions for the winners. He went on to make a genuine massive fortune from mining and banking. He is best known today as the villain who crucified Kirk Douglas and Stanley Kubrick's film spartacus, but for all the gruesome theater of crosses along the appian way, winning a slave war was little more than a sideshow for crassus. He had created for himself a new kind of power, the permanent kind, the power to use money behind the scenes, pulling the strings of whichever puppet seemed to be in charge. He was the first tycoon. Even Caesar himself was crassus puppet at the beginning of his career, crassus financed Caesar's election campaigns, making sure at a stupendous cost that Caesar became pontifex maximus, the chief priest, the only man of the house and the Roman forum. Once crassus had helped Caesar to his military commands in Gaul, he watched his proteges back in Rome, bribing money lending, making speeches, and calling in favors in order to ensure for a while, at least, that Caesar became a useful counterweight to crassus's lifetime rival, Pompey, the great. Caesar and Pompey both distorted the balance of Roman politics with vast wealth won, stolen, if critics were Frank, from conquered kings and Rome's expanding empire. Crassus kept his place in this three man oligarchy called the three headed monster by continuing to use his financial power to balance the influence of his more acclaimed military partners. Senators wore black to show their objection to this change to the traditional system of checks and balances. But were powerless against the onslaught against the dominance of the super rich. Gradually, crassus came to see that wealth alone would not be enough to maintain his place at the three legged top table of Rome. Caesar, rich from Gaul and protected by loyal legions, did not need crassus money anymore. Pompey, after a triumph through the streets of Rome, parading giant golden statues and his own head and pearls was probably for a time even richer than crassus. So the man whose power rested on his reputation for wealth decided on a last campaign to keep himself up with Caesar and Pompey. He moved on to his rivals turf, trained personal legions as he had trained slaves for his building sites, and prepared to take on a neighbor in war. In 53 BCE, 20 years after the spartacus rebellion, his fellow oligarchs allowed their colleague to plan an invasion of parthia, a sprawling empire east of the Euphrates. But crassus, for all his commercial and organizational skill, was ill prepared. He was accountable only to Caesar and Pompey. A traditional senatorial systems of diplomacy and intelligence had broken down before the power of money. Crassus knew very little about his Parthian adversaries, and like Trump's friend, Vladimir Putin in the Ukraine today, he thought he knew much more than he did. Crassus expected to face legionnaires like his own, led by a deal making pragmatist like himself. Instead, his army faced a swirling mass of archers on ponies. Their quivers perpetually replenished from a camel train, a whole new weapon system. Trying to negotiate a retreat, he squabbled over a horse. His head was cut down onto the sand. His mouth filled with molten gold to mark the greed that all Parthians knew him for. Back in Rome, the two remaining heads of the three headed monster were soon at each other's throats. Caesar, on the side of the populists defeated poppy, leader of the establishment, and ruled briefly as a dictator before his assassination on the ides of March, 44 BCE. His chosen heir, Octavian, won a final Civil War before establishing a system of one man rule. Supported by frail, almost fake, democratic institutions, which survived for centuries..
Impact Theory with Tom Bilyeu
"ancient rome" Discussed on Impact Theory with Tom Bilyeu
"Successful economic project, every entrepreneur, every innovation that successfully increases productivity. That accretes to the purchasing power of everyone's money. So in a world where your money is constantly losing purchasing power, that is not happening. So you get more junk, I guess. There's more of a, there's actually the incentive and this is related more directly to the violation of property, but there is an increased incentive to consume rather than invest. The more rapidly you violate property rights. And the more that it's permanent rather than intermittent. So if I know the high degree of certainty that you keep 20% of whatever that I make, then I have a 20% less incentive to engage in investment rather than consumption activities. And again, that's what we're doing when we print money. We're actually inducing or incentivizing consumption actions over investment actions and investment actions are what drive innovation. It's savings that underpin investments, investments in that long-term production, structure I suggested. There's also R&D in their experimentation, right? We're trying new things. That is what creates innovation in the real world. So if anything, the innovation that we've seen in the 20th century has been in spite of central banking, not because of it. But it gets very murky here because it's very easy. You can swap someone else into the seat right now, some Keynes and economists, and they'll give you a completely different interpretation of economic history, right? They can go through the historical facts and trace their own arrow of causality and say, here's what happened. And we're back to Copernicus. Back to Copernicus, but here's what the libertarian philosophers did. They said, you can't mistake economic history for actual economics. Economics is more of a rationalistic science. You have axioms, man must act. Man prefers present satisfaction to later satisfaction. All other things being equal. Like these axioms is like geometry. So I didn't understand why can't I take economic history as economics? If you take economic history, you can actually happen. So you say the quotation of economics is a social science. You can not economics in the same way as you can not mathematical psychology. I can't sit here and tell you the reason you're doing this is because there was a linear chain of causality and if we repeated this experiment again, the economic experiment would unfold in the same way. It's not possible. Because it's just too complicated. There's no human interaction. There's no constants in human action. So we know water freezes at 0°. Celsius. That's a constant. We can build a framework of knowledge around that. There are no constants in human action. It's constantly changing. It's all all these psychology's interlinked into the market process. So we're going to derail on this, but I'm just going to plant the flag to say, I think there will be a day where we actually realize that human interactions are completely predictable, free will is a total myth. But that doesn't help us know. That could be a pretty bleak day. I don't find it bleak because the experience will never feel like that. But that's going to completely derail us because right now I don't free will is seems to just be provably an illusion. So we will definitely get derailed on this. Yes. All right, so instead of derailing on that, let's so this Copernicus idea of we have a theory, the theory is going to completely shape how we interpret things and thusly how we act. So what is the I call that a frame of reference? Frame of reference is everything. It is the distorted mirror that we perceive reality from. And to your point, it's individual. So everybody's got a frame of reference. It's going to dictate how they think about what they see and that will actually impact how they feel, which will impact what they do. What is the so are the two using my language frames of reference that we're thinking about here, the keynesian model versus the Austrian, let's talk about a very fundamental theory. Which is the theory of the individual. Now this is something that we take for granted today. We assume that you're an individual. I'm an individual. We're all freely interacting. But in ancient times, it wasn't this way. Actually, it was the family that was considered to be the primary social unit unit. They called it the paternal familias and everyone was basically perceived as a unit in that family that you served the ends of that family. It was religious in nature. This was an Ancient Rome. It was the religion, it was the family, and it was property. So we're talking about ancient people that said on one piece of land, generation after generation, the present living family took care of the ancestors. They worshiped the ancestors. They used to burn a hearth, there was a fire that every family maintained on an altar. And the first thing they did every time they would wake up in the morning is stoked the flames of that fire. And so that was to symbolize their property interest in that land that carried forward from their ancestors into the present day. And if that fire were extinguished, that was considered to be an equal symbolic expression of the family being extinguished. So the whole primary imagined social unit of the world was the family. The individual did not even exist. Now this is hard to visual didn't exist or it just wasn't the primary way that you thought about it. This is very hard to talk about because what I'm saying and often we're talking about money is the same thing. You're trying to describe water to a fish that's never broken the surface. How much of our cultural programming do we inherit from our parents from our existence from our cultural heritage in this world? Yeah, but let me ask you one question because I get where you're going and I can collectivist versus individualistic societies has real, real world impact. So I know there is a thing where you would feel that me as an individual is very much embedded in a collective and I have to be thoughtful about that. But nobody would be confused if I poke you and it hurts. It's not like that person would not be able to distinguish between you getting poked and meeting people. But I'm not going there. So let me try to prevent the sidebar. Let's just say this. The individual did not exist as an economic or socioeconomic conception. Okay. That doesn't mean that you couldn't poke someone and they'd be, hey man, don't poke me. Right. Socioeconomic conception of the individual did not exist. One of the family did. It was all centered around the family, and then families eventually stitched themselves together and to tribes and clans and ultimately nation states. And that had a lot to do with the unification of religion. But the individual is something that we invented. We invented this individual as an economics as an economic actor, okay? And from the individual economic actor that came post Christ, it was with Christ and Paul's analysis of Christ and the moral equality of men that we developed the conception of the individual. And from the individual, we extrapolated that into individual private property rights. So we moved from a world where the family had exclusive property interest in the land. It was also non transferable. They weren't selling this stuff. They were just having dominion over it. I really think if anything, it was like territoriality, like animals or territorial over specific pieces of land, we were basically territory animals, right? We were trying to survive the way our ancestors did. There wasn't much innovation occurring, but surely wasn't a lot of trade occurring. And we had this sort of primitive society. But post Christ, we invented as religion was evolving, we invented this conception of the individual. And I'm drawing on a book here by that title inventing the individual. If you want to do a deep dive on it, it explains it in depth. But to gloss over a little bit, let's just say that
Bob and Sheri
"ancient rome" Discussed on Bob and Sheri
"All right, we have to take a break, Angela have a great weekend as we write back. It's the best bobbin chair best. I love you, Bobby. Oh, thank you so much. The new and improved Bobby sherry website. Just go to bob and sherry dot com. We're joined right now by Ken Davis who is one of our favorite guests. Good morning, guys. Good morning. Happy holidays to you. Same to you. Well, let's start with the basic stuff. Why do we celebrate Christmas on December 25th as opposed to the 23rd or the 27th? Because it's not really Jesus actual birthday, is it? Well, no one knows the answer to that question. So it might be, but so might 364 other dates in the year. So and let me start this off by saying, first of all, this is not to diminish or demean Christmas in any way, but just about everything that we enjoy and love and cherish about Christmas. Really does have a history and a lot of that history comes from a time before Christianity even existed. And so I think it's fascinating to find out what the story is behind these things. And the December 25th date is a perfect example of that. We're going back to Ancient Rome now or to going to a time before Christianity existed, we're talking about a weeklong festival to celebrate the return of the sun God and it was called saturnalia. And they would celebrate it with gift giving and lighting candles and hanging wreaths and singing songs, Jesus now all that sounds vaguely familiar. Isn't that interesting? They were hanging wreaths too. They did hang a evergreen wreath because evergreens not only an Ancient Rome, but in many, many ancient cultures were assembled of life even when other plants died off evergreens stayed stayed alive. So that notion is very, very ancient one. What happened eventually was that the Pope, when once Rome became christianized, the Pope was powerful enough to say one year and this is around the year 400 of the Pope's name was Julius. He said that this is no longer the day that you celebrate the sun God, the return of the sun God, this is the day that we will celebrate the mass of the Christ, the light that is coming into the world is not the sun God returning, but the light that comes through Jesus Christ. And in a way, it was kind of early marketing. They were taking something that was very popular to the people and giving a new meaning, putting a new face on it. Rather than trying to change exactly. Trying to suppress what was there was nothing certainly nothing harmful about the celebration itself. It was just the idea had to be changed as far as the church was concerned. You know that 200 years from now, there'll be a Ken Davis who will come along on a radio show or whatever they use, Ben. And he will describe how the people would inflate these giant plastic snowmen and I'm in front of you in front of their houses and it would have this great meaning and people would smile when they saw them. Well, while we're talking about the evergreen and all of that, where did the Christmas tree come from then? Okay, well the Christmas tree comes more from the northern European tradition of the German dramatic people and the Viking people of people known as the north. And they also had a very significant winter solves this celebration. There's celebration involved lighting a tree. They would actually, again, to them the evergreen tree was a sacred object because it did live while everything else around it died. This hope of spring, especially in a very snowy climate you can imagine the Vikings would celebrate this miracle by setting it ablaze. That is so Viking. There was a very specific reason. They wanted, they would cut around piece of the log and light it and it would look like a wheel of the sun and you could imagine this disk and they called it the wheel of the sun and it just so happens that the northward for wheel is ewell. So when you burn the yule log. The word isn't that interesting. The word essentially means wheel and they were creating a sense of an image of the sun. Now the thing about the Vikings is that they also had a story in which the king of the gods, Odin, brought the sun back on the south. He would deliver the sun God on this day. And he rode across the winter's night sky on an 8 legged horse. Does that sound a little familiar to you or something? Well, he would also be Viking children and this tradition spread throughout Europe would put out their shoes at night to leave hay and straw for Odin's horse. And if they left something for Odin's horse Odin would then leave gifts in exchange in their shoes. How about that? So now are you getting into focus here? Yes. The whole notion of a father, Christmas character, obviously it's a very old idea. It goes by some of the notion that somebody is going to come and bring us nice presence in the middle of winter is an ancient idea. So it must be true. That's the way I look at it. Can we only have a minute or two in this segment? I hope can we hold you for a few more minutes after this one? Sure. But I was playing some winter golf briefly on Saturday and I looked up at the tree and I said to a friend of mine, look, you can see all the birds nest up there. And he said, those are not birds nests. That's mistletoe. Up in the intrigue and it's a parasite. How did how did mistletoe become part of the Christmas celebration? Two stories here and I'll try and do them quickly. First of all, the Celtic people who live in Ireland, Great Britain. They had to druid priests and they worshiped the oak tree as sacred and the mistletoe is a parasite to the oak. And of course, another evergreen. They believe that was a miraculous plant. They called it all heel. If people met in the forest and there was mistletoe nearby, they would exchange a greeting instead of drawing their swords. Another story from the Vikings I mentioned a minute ago is about a God who is killed when somebody throws a dart made of mistletoe and his eye. It's poisoned and it kills him. His mother, the queen of the gods, decides to not curse the mistletoe, but determine instead that it will become a symbol of affection from then on. Mistletoe was seen as such a powerful pagan symbol that I was actually banned forbidden in churches in England for hundreds of years. Just for that reason alone. But her designation of it is not being evil, but to be embraced. That's where the kiss comes from. The kiss comes with it. Yeah, so we have these two traditions, the greeting underneath the missile and a lot of the English and German traditions eventually got mixed because they were Anglo saxons at a certain point. Hang on, we'll be right back with Ken Davis. We're talking about Christmas. Now available on the bob and sherry website, it's the book of bob. Sherry has collected bob's insights witticisms and proclamations and now they're available in a single volume. With pictures. What do you know what you will and won't do? What do I know what I would do? 'cause I am I. For an incredibly affordable price. You don't know. Just hit shop at the bob and cherry website. I would not have lunch with a stuffed animal in their stare into a stranger's eyes. Dot com. Hit the shop tab at bob and sherry dot com. It's the stuff we wouldn't shouldn't do on the regular show. The podcast podcast on the free bob and cherry app. We're back with our guests Ken Davis, we're talking about the traditions behind the
Bloomberg Radio New York
"ancient rome" Discussed on Bloomberg Radio New York
"27 a barrel, but natural gas now plunging by 10.3%, 6 23 per million BTUs on Nat gas. Again, recapping Disney after ours down by about 6 and a half percent, I'm Charlie palette. That is a Bloomberg business flash. All right, Charlie, thank you so much. I'll keep an eye on those Disney shares in the after hours. Well, Bloomberg's story earlier this year found that corporate values do have a market price specifically noting some studies suggesting that investors punish the valuations of companies that either breach their corporate responsibilities are over promise on their greenness. So with a historical view on companies and how they pursue profits and purpose, let's get to it with William magnusson. He is associate professor at Texas a and M law school. His new book for profit of history of corporations. He's also taught at Harvard. He is also the author of blockchain democracy, and he joins us via Zoom from Austin, Texas. Professor Magnussen, nice to have you here with Paul Sweeney and myself. So tell us about this book. What was your thesis going into it? Well, thank you so much for having me on. When I first started writing this book, I really didn't have a thesis. My idea was I wanted to explain where this institution, this economic institution that affects all of our lives and so many ways. Where it came from and why we created it in the first place. And so I started with Ancient Rome. I began looking at where corporations first arose in the first economic institution that really starts looking like a modern corporation was Ancient Rome, or they had something called the societe's public norm. And I could then explore it through the chapters how they evolved over time from Ancient Rome, through the Medici bank, through the East India Company. And I spotlighted these important points, these turning points in history when the corporation truly changed and until it eventually evolved into the institution that we know of it as today. Professor in business school I learned that it was the role of the corporation to maximize profits for shareholders full stop. Now, that seems to be evolving to maybe something broader, maybe maximize the good of the common stakeholders, maybe the common good. How do you see that playing out? Is that really being embraced across corporate America? That's right. And I think that is corporate law one O one, right? Corporate law one O one tells you the purpose of a corporation. Indeed, the duty of a corporation is to maximize profits. That said, that is a relatively recent development, right? Before the 20th century, no one would have ever told you that the sole purpose, the only thing a corporation was supposed to be thinking about was profits for shareholders, right? And Elizabeth Elizabeth and England, when the East India Company was first formed, it didn't promote itself by saying, we're going to enrich this small group of merchants in London. No, it told Queen Elizabeth that it was going to expand the trade, the international trade of England. When the Medici bank was formed in Florence, it didn't say, well, I'm going to enrich the small Medici family. It said, we are going to contribute to the flourishing of Florence, and it did lead indeed to the enrichment of that city. And so I think that the idea that corporations are solely supposed to pursue profit is a relatively recent development. Part of it has been driven by developments in the law. So developments in the lie in the last century and a half or so. Corporations have gone from institutions that had to be formed by the monarch or the government, and you had to petition it for a charter. So now it is very simple. Anybody could form a corporation. I could form a corporation in the next 15 minutes if I wanted to. And so that means that corporations no longer have to justify themselves to a government. How much of maybe when companies go wrong and things go wrong, has to do with companies are in the public markets publicly traded. And ultimately it is about, as Paul was talking about earlier, making money. I do think that a really important theme in the history of corporations is the role of stock markets, right? Until the 1600s, there was no real stock market, the East India Company was one of the founding members of the London stock exchange. And so nowadays, they, of course, have become these all powerful forces. We have shareholder activism. We have proxy contests, they now exert a new kind of control. We see corporations in many ways responding to the demands of shareholders and there's a big debate now in corporate law and then the public and public discussion about just how the effect just how their shareholders affect corporations. Do they make corporations turn to more short term oriented goals at the cost of long-term goals? And so that's one of the big themes of the book is trying to explore. How do we make sure that corporations aren't just focusing on short term profits, but thinking about the long-term as well? Well, I guess you need proper incentives there. In order to impact behavior, I would think. Yeah, I think that it's a couple of things. One is you need incentives, right? You need laws. You need incentives. You need economic structures that give corporations reasons real tangible reasons for thinking, not just about the short term or not just about shareholders, but also about other long-term constituencies. But you also need a cultural change. I think that historically, we have thought about corporations in terms of civic common virtue. We want corporations to contributing to the common good. And I think that in order for corporations and particularly corporate executives to have that in mind, we need a change in the expectations, the cultural expectations of them. All right, we're going to continue with William Magnuson. He's associate professor at Texas a and M law school. He's got a new book app. We're talking about it. It's entitled for profit, a history of corporations will come back in just a moment. In the meantime, watching shares of Disney sinking down about 6% in the aftermarket, this, after earnings trail, analyst testaments in refining a lot of those streaming investments are really eating into profits even as subscriptions rise. At the likes of Disney+ and so on. We're going to continue to monitor right here on Bloomberg. This, doctor trudy flare here with the 5G home recovery podcast. Let's discuss a very real existential threat to Internet speed. It's a
America First with Sebastian Gorka Podcast
Sebastian Is Joined by Victor Davis Hanson to Discuss Masculinity
"To our special manhood professor Hansen. Thank you for having me. All right, so I can't think of a better guess to have given what you've written about Ancient Rome about the warrior spirit, the two world wars dedicated to your relatives. So seminal to your life who gave theirs in World War II, let's start at the beginning. I just have a handful of questions. The first one is, is masculinity is the concept of manhood in trouble in western civilization today. Yeah, I think it is. I mean, we always hear it now with its adjective toxic toxic masculinity. It's never just masculinity. It's so it's contrary to a lot of special interest groups and it's been manipulated and worked as sort of the driving impulse behind capitalism and western dominance, et cetera, et cetera. So, but remember all of the criticisms of masculinity come from an elite class in the United States and Europe as well. It doesn't come from the masses of any race or particular even gender. So everybody understands that traditionally masculinity was a very positive and necessary element of civilization.
Impact Theory with Tom Bilyeu
"ancient rome" Discussed on Impact Theory with Tom Bilyeu
"Now, is this cowardice or is it courageous? Because he wouldn't have been able to become the Republican president, like ten or 15 years later, had he left in a huff. And another good example of this is like, what if your job is asking you to do something unethical or morally frustrating or you're just not cool with it? But by storming out in disgust or whatever, you are then leaving your family destitute. I had Alexander vindman on my podcast a few weeks ago. He's the whistleblower who got Trump impeached. Again, put politics aside. But he sees something. He says something. And I talked to him about it, and I said, were you worried about how do I pay for my daughter's college education? And he said, these are kind of the things that you think about. We often self deter. We go, well, I don't want to do it because it would be irresponsible for the following reason. So I don't want to make it seem like it's clear cut because it's not. It's fucking really hard. And it's not like a hell yes hell no thing. Like you just know and it's often very morally ambiguous. It's very morally ambiguous and challenging. And if you're not torn about it, it's probably not super high stakes situation. But there's a moment I do talk about in the book where Theodore Roosevelt and this is a good test that I like. Theodore Roosevelt is considering asking Booker T. Washington to have dinner with him at The White House. The first African American to be invited to dine at The White House as a guest of the president. Now, it's not fair to say he's the first African American to eat at The White House. Plenty of them had to eat at The White House. They were just never allowed to be guests of honor. So this is a major political statement in the early 1900s. And Theodore Roosevelt is considering doing it. And then he thinks about why no one has done it before him, which is the southern states won't like it. His southern relatives won't like it. The newspapers will make it a thing. It could cost him a close election. And then he says, in a letter to a friend, he was like precisely because I hesitated. I felt disgust with myself. And I knew that I had to do it. So often I find that the thing you're hesitating on doing, the considerations are usually very helpful in reminding you of what actually matters. But if you're not thinking about this and you're just plunging ahead, you're probably also going to charge off a cliff from at some point. Yeah, man, this stuff gets so interesting and to your point about Alexander the Great. And even just backing it off, just that it will play out in your life. Whether it's something big or small philosophy really is about a life well lived. And in the book, I can't remember if it's you that said it or you're quoting somebody else. We all know there's something worse than death. And when you create that haddock for yourself and you have the sense of what my virtues are and how I'm going to behave, you know, like what things you would actually be prepared to die for, where your line of recklessness is. And you fucking better define that before you find yourself in that situation. And in the book, you give an example where I'm like, I don't know if that was reckless or if I'm really inspired. And the example is the guy in the Senate in Ancient Rome. And he is, he's expressly told if you speak against me, it's not going to end well for you. He does it anyway. And I'll leave you to fill in the gaps in the story. So I think are you saying that you think I was saying he was reckless? I'm saying, I don't know if I'm blown away that he had the balls to say what he thought was true because for him to lie because he tells the guy, just don't ask. If you don't ask, I won't say anything, but if you ask, I'm going to tell the truth. Right. And I was like, I'm impressed, and at the same time, if you know people get killed for this shit, I don't know what I would have done in that situation. Yeah, so this is the senators named hill video. And I actually talk about it in my book lives of the stokes too. But he's one of the stoic senators in the middle Roman period. And Rome has had this series of really bad corrupt awful emperors. And they're in the middle of another one. And the job of the Senate was sort of to advise and consult, as it is now. And a lot of people take that to mean, don't tell the boss what he doesn't want to hear, right? Don't, you know, the nail that stands up gets hammered down. Don't say anything controversial, just wait this out. And then hopefully things will get better. And he basically says I'm not going to do that. My job is to do is to say what I think is true. And if I'm not going to go around screaming and being reckless, but if you ask me a question, I'm going to give you the answer that I think is true. And he's willing to die over that principle. Which is, I think, incredible. And again, is that to say that you should die over every little thing? No, but I think it is to say, what are you willing to risk for the principles that you have? I remember a friend of mine is a senator. And I remember he said it'll be controversial. Get into it. But he'd taken some political stand. And I emailed him and I said, congratulations. It's really impressive. And then I said, you know, what is the point of having 6 years of guaranteed job security for not going to use it to say what you think is true if you're not going to vote according to what you think is right.
The Eric Metaxas Show
Rabbi Jonathan Cahn on the Meaning Behind 'The Return of the Gods'
"As promised, our friend rabbi Jonathan Khan is back with us in the studio look he's right here. Welcome. Hey, always great to be here. All right, listen, you and you, it's like you go big. This book, you have a new book out. Just brand new brand new called the return of the gods. So the first question I have to ask you because it's a very provocative title. What is the meaning of this the return of the gods? This brand new book. Yeah, I have to say Eric, this is the most explosive book I've ever written. I think if you read it, you see that. I know because I read it. And I'm going to pretend that I don't remember anything in it. I'll talk less if I shut up. Yeah, this is the opening of a mystery that's behind everything art, the transformation, what is transforming our culture, our children, touching the Supreme Court. Everything going back to the Bible and going back to the ancient tablets of Mesopotamia. And the ultimate, the first thing you asked is we hear about the gods. Could there be something actually real to the gods. The gods are fiction, but mythology, but could there be something? Okay, now to be clear when you're talking about the gods. The gods of ancient Egypt, the gods of ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, if we're talking about Zeus and Aphrodite, we're talking about marduk. We're talking about all of these gods. So you and I, as believers in the Bible, we would say those gods are fiction. And yet, not really. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, there's another realm to it. And the thing is, what if there's something real about them and what if they are at work now entities or principalities, the Bible speaks about it? What if they're at work, they have returned because we've opened the door.
WTOP
"ancient rome" Discussed on WTOP
"The academy tells NBC four. It's really helping you pause and reflect and say, what should we be thinking about when we're maybe making this investment in what's usually a couple $100? And they gateway to the Internet and all of its bright spots and its gutters for your child. Their questionnaire asks parents about their willingness to have regular check ins with their child and willingness to check phone content. Some parents say after taking the questionnaire, they have decided to adopt limited access for their kids. If you want to take the questionnaire, head to WTO P dot com, search, phone. It's getting more expensive to carry debt on credit cards and it seems the increases may not stop just yet. The fed has raised interest rates two and a quarter percentage points. Bank rates, Ted rossman says it's happened in a short time span. So this time they did it in four and a half months from mid march to late July. The last rate hike cycle took three years to do the same thing. Rossmann says interest rates could go up again by year's end. This means it could take even longer to whittle down those credit card balances, making minimum payments, his advice, pay them off as soon as possible. It's just hard to build wealth when you're paying the credit card company 18 or 20 or 25% interest month over month. Liz Anderson WTO news. It is not a good time to be a renter, rents are increasing not just in this region, but also across the country. Rachel Siegel economics reporter for The Washington Post tells WTO P there is a glimmer of hope, though. There are still some lingering funds from the emergency rental assistance programs that we saw last year, although obviously those were set up in a different context. And unfortunately, it is a bit bleak. There really isn't a sense of when prices will start to turn around. The hope though is that the will eventually start to see a reflection that we've seen in the rest of the housing market. While inflation is a factor for rent increases, it's also been heavily affected by low supply and high demand. 27 artifacts valued at more than $13 million have been seized from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, investigators say the objects were looted. New York Times reports the items dating back to Ancient Rome, Greece and Egypt are thought to have been obtained from people suspected to deal in shady antiquities trafficking. The items were seized in three separate raids over 6 months, the artifacts will be returned to their countries of origin in special ceremonies next week. A new cereal is taking New York hipsters by storm and it does not come cheap. Nothing gets
WTOP
"ancient rome" Discussed on WTOP
"International underground railroad month in Maryland. The network had passed all across the free state, including in Montgomery county. Tony Cohen is president of the miner foundation that preserves the history of The Underground Railroad and is based at button farm in Germantown. In 1996, he traveled along the path of The Underground Railroad from sandy spring in Montgomery county to Canada, even replicating the tactic used by Henry box Brown. A man put inside of a crate in mailed by train to Philadelphia in 1849. So when Cohen traveled one portion, I got some friends who helped construct the crate and I was smuggled on an Amtrak train and shook from Philadelphia to New York City. Maryland has more than 100 sites that were critical to the route that allowed enslaved people to escape to freedom, Kate Ryan, WTO news. 27 artifacts valued at more than $13 million had been seized from, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, investigators say the objects were looted. The New York Times reports that the items dating back to Ancient Rome, Greece and Egypt were thought to have been obtained from people suspected of dealing shady antiques trafficking, one suspect, John Franco, reportedly ran a swift gallery for decades before being nabbed by Italian authorities over 20 years ago, the man had taken possession of the high antiquities long before Burkina was accused of any wrongdoing. It receives in three separate raids over 6 months, authorities say those antiquities will be returned to their countries of origin in special ceremonies next week. I had on WTO
The Pomp Podcast
"ancient rome" Discussed on The Pomp Podcast
"So we need entrepreneurs to be able to solve the problems. Yeah. Yeah, so it's really interesting. If you think people say that the president is really powerful, but one interesting question to ask is, what is the difference in outcomes between one person between president and another person became president? If it's not that much, then the question is, well, who is the person where if they didn't exist, there would be a big difference. Where there's a big kind of factual difference. I think we said Elon Musk is one of those people. The best entrepreneurs. Exactly. It's like that is the biggest difference to society. If Jeff Bezos didn't exist, you wouldn't have Amazon. Right. If Elon Musk didn't exist. I don't know how many there are. There are 5 people, or there are 50 people, or they're 500 people, there's some number, but almost all of them are not politicians. I'll say private sector, but you could say they're scientists. Whatever, but they're not politicians. And it goes back to how many of your smartest friends that want to be politicians. They're not my Friends. You're just laughing, right? Nobody that I know is like my smartest friends want to be politicians. Now, it's not a knock against people who want to be politicians. Because actually, I hope that somebody's smartest friend. Actually, that's what we would want. And if you think about in Ancient Rome and it was a very aspirational thing. But I think in some weird way, like meme culture has destroyed institutions, and politicians, there's literally Twitter accounts that are tracking the day trades of a politician. It's like there's a joke. You're just like us, like, shut up. Yeah, yeah, yeah. And so in some weird way, why would you go do that? If you're intelligent and you could solve real problems, you could make money. You could do all this stuff. Like, why would you do it? And sure, there's some people who are like, oh, I believe that this is the place for change. But there's not very many people who are like, yeah, this is the place to create change. Yeah, I think one of the things over history that matters a lot is what do the young talented people want to do and what are the options for them. You'll always have people in our society that are really ambitious and smart. And
History Unplugged Podcast
"ancient rome" Discussed on History Unplugged Podcast
"And then later, you could take a knife or whatever and make those score marks. And in fact, the Romans also, what they did was just kind of cool. Is they put a little marks of the baker of who was the baker on the bread itself made with a piece of metal. Because if they were underweight, they could be fine for that or punished. So it would have the name of the maker. It would even tell if it was kosher or not. Some people only wanted kosher bread. There was a Jewish population in Rome. At the time, so you'd have this little sort of mark on the bread that would tell you where it came from. And what I think they did, this was just again my theory. Not in archeologists, food historian. And I think what they did is they take a little sort of wedge of metal that had the impression of the baker on there. Put it at the bottom of this casserole. Put the bread on top, it would be imprinted on the top of the bread, and then when you turn it upside down, you just pull that piece of metal off and use it in the next one. And it would leave the mark on the bread. So this is all speculation. There are people who don't agree with me, but having made it so many times. I don't see how they could possibly get a shape like that. Unless it was risen in a casserole first and then turned upside down, which is the way you often bake bread. Like in those German broad form, those woven baskets. You don't see those in Ancient Rome, but that's basically the same idea. So in trying to figure out this whole bread thing, I thought, all right, I can't use modern flour really because that's tempered and they do all sorts of things. And it's obviously hard winter wheat at the Romans wouldn't have.
The Eric Metaxas Show
"ancient rome" Discussed on The Eric Metaxas Show
"We have tried for some time to get my guest on. His name is Douglas Murray. He has a brand new book, another smashing bestseller, and it ought to be. It's called the war on the west. It deals with the war on the west. Douglas Murray welcome. That's a great pleasure to be with you, Eric. I'm so grateful for you and for this book and for your voice. I've watched you talking about this on other programs. Frame it for my listeners because this is a really eclectic program. We don't talk about these sorts of things every day. What is the war on the west? Why did you write the book? The war on the west, as I said, is the war that's going on in our time, which is underneath every other issue. And that is essentially anti western Ness. Now, there are different types of anti westernism. There's Chinese anti westernism. There's Arab anti westernism. The one I'm interested in is western anti westernism. The thing that has grown in all of our lifetimes of a hatred, suspicion, disgust of the west. A dislike of everything that we have created. And a veneration of everything so long as we haven't had it or created it ourselves. It is one of the things that has caused what I describe as the war on our history. The decision to war on everything in our past to criticize everything in the western past as having to do with slavery or racism or colonialism. And ignoring all of the rest of the world and its iniquities and obsessive rapacious attack on everything that we have inherited, including our religious tradition. And a veneration of everything so long as it is not ours. And this is, I think, one of the things that is underneath all of the stories of our day, all the chat about woke, for instance, woke doesn't even approximate the debt, which we need to understand this challenge is coming at us at.
Talk Python To Me
"ancient rome" Discussed on Talk Python To Me
"So happy to be here. I'm so happy to have you here. It's great to be talking to you. And this is one of those episodes that's going to be so fun because what it's going to turn out to be, I'm pretty sure is diving into a ton of little tools, and I can tell you just doing a little bit of research and putting together some show notes for this. Like, oh, there's that thing. And oh, look, this too, oh, I didn't know about this. So you've assembled this conglomeration of tools and techniques that you're putting under the hyper modern pattern banner. And I think it's going to be a lot of fun to talk about. So we're going to have a good time. Looking forward. Indeed, same. Now before we get into that, let's talk about your story. How do you get into programming and over here to python? I think one day my dad must have been in the 80s came back with and said, I bought a computer and I was really excited. I imagined it's going to be a room filled with all these machines and ran down the corridor and turned out to be some kind of keyboard as it seemed to me. So there was a Commodore 64 and initially we just played all those great 8 bit games and eventually I started programming a little bit and basic. And I think that's kind of when I really found out how much fun this is. And then I think I was interested in a lot of other non computer things for a long while. I went to uni, I studied law as most programmers do, of course. And but somehow the interest in formal systems are we stayed with me and especially continental law, German laws, very much like a little bit like a calculus tracing back to Ancient Rome. And I got interested in logic and there's a small research community working on applying AI and logics to legal theory. And that was really my gateway drug to get back into programming, really logics. I think I programmed this like a little flashcard system to help me prepare for the law exams. Eventually, I decided I want to get really deep into this and I started studying computer science and pretty much never went back to law after that. So a lot of degree, but working as a software engineer. It's interesting. I hadn't really thought about it with well. I give a friend who's a lawyer and in software. So I know it happens for sure. But thinking about the way you have to mentally sort of solve the problems and the constraints of legal contracts and laws and stuff and how they apply. That's actually kind of a similar skill to thinking through solving a computer programming problem with APIs and what the computer can do and stuff, right? And it's such a human way of thinking. So it's really interesting from an AI point of view, because it's not really clear, logical deductions that you have, but there's a lot of everyday knowledge that you need to have and defensible rules. So it's quite exciting. Yeah, very neat. Now, what kind of code and what kind of stuff are you doing these days? I've been working mostly on a cybersecurity. So working for a company almost 40 years, that's doing cybersecurity as a service. So working mostly on C++ services or high performance data intensive services, using python, mostly to automate the build system, testing, and releases. But also for our prototyping. So algorithms, it's like really handy before you implement it in high performance way. Yeah, I think python is used frequently for that. Let's prototype this and then if once we completely decide it works right, then we're going to write it in C++ or rust. That's not the most common use of python. But it certainly is one that people have said, oh, this is really good because you can prototype so quickly. Sometimes people just decide and also this will just work fine for what we're doing. It's actually fast, or they decide, you know, maybe not, right? Maybe they need C++. But it's still a cool use case. Now let's kick off our conversation with some thoughts from a former guest. He had a really interesting way of sort of presenting python to people who are not deep in the python language and said basically it's actually when people say python is great for prototyping, for example. Well, they might be talking about one of three things or some combination of there. It could be, when people say, oh, python is good for this or python is like that. They might be talking about the language, or they might be talking about the standard library or more and more these days. They're talking about the third party ecosystem with, I don't even know how many libraries but I got to look this up because it changes so fast. Right now at the time of recording 368,000 libraries. So when people mention python, they often mean one or more of those different things. And we're going to talk about hyper modern python. So I think we should frame it a little bit in the sense of like, well, what is modern about the language or what is kind of modern about the standard library and obviously the ecosystem is where a lot of it's happening. So from your point of view, what is modern python before we get the hyper modern? Yeah, definitely we can talk about the language, the standard library, the ecosystem. I'd also add the community, I think that's something that really defines python. I agree. Yeah. And all that tooling that evolved in the ecosystem. So about the language, what really, because my story is I think I got into python python was a python 2.3. You've been through the journey. You've been through the great split and literally joining. I pretty much missed a lot of the pain of the python two three transition. I've been busy with C++ and then came back to python and for me, it was just the enthusiasm of rediscovering all the great how expressive python had become. One of the things that really get me excited about modern python is type annotations. I just find them so helpful to structure programs to make APIs clear.
TIME's Top Stories
"ancient rome" Discussed on TIME's Top Stories
"Both figures are Chinese estimates and are likely exaggerated. But since no records were kept, exact numbers are unknown. There were other crimes committed over the next 7 years from the use of poison gas to the baton death march. But a post war Japan had not reconciled itself to such knowledge. Nationalist historians began to question whether the Nanjing massacre ever happened, and in October 1999, an alternative textbook for school children, kokumin, no rakish, the history of a nation was released, extolling Japan's wartime record while vehemently attacking those who publicized its outrages. The founder of this faction, a 53 year old Professor of education named nobukatsu fujioka, declared that past events were not a fixed tabulation. History is not just something that involves the discovery and interpretation of sources, it is also something that needs to be rewritten in accordance with the changing reality of the present. The Japanese historian michiko hasegawa has posed the question why is it that people do not look at history honestly? Her words invite an ironic response given that hasagawa argues that the atrocities committed by the Japanese military never occurred, or at least, have been greatly exaggerated. To this day, Japan is not prosecuted a single war criminal. From 1985 on, its prime ministers have made a point of visiting the yasukuni shrine in downtown Tokyo, where the remains of more than a thousand war criminals are buried, including 14 class a felons. Next door to the shrine is a museum that reiterates the revisionist view of Japan's wartime history. The nanking massacre is referred to as an incident. History recedes into myth and becomes a form of propaganda. This is understandable, but also tragic. One might argue that all wars require a heroic narrative to inspire soldiers to risk their lives and after the conflict has ended to ensure that they and their survivors believe that they have not suffered or died in vain. However, such a comforting comes at great cost. As John Kerry has said, one of history's most useful tasks is to bring home to us how keenly, honestly and painfully, past generations pursued aims that now seem to us wrong or disgraceful. Without confronting the reality of what came before, however, that lesson goes unlearned. Japan is not alone in having airbrushed its past, given that there is scarcely a nation that has not, to some degree, massaged accounts of its history..
TIME's Top Stories
"ancient rome" Discussed on TIME's Top Stories
"From Ancient Rome to Putin's Russia all societies twist history to their advantage by Richard Cohen. The cartoon has a king on his throne addressing a courtier. I'm concerned about my legacy, he says. The response kill the historians. So it might seem it has come to pass. How we record the past is currently headline news. In February 2020, Matthew Connolly of Columbia University wrote how under president Trump, quote vital information is actually being deleted or destroyed, so that no one neither the press and government watchdogs today nor historians tomorrow will have a chance to see it. And in the last two months we have learned that China's president Xi Jinping plans to rewrite his country's history and Russia's president Vladimir Putin to liquidate the research group memorial and its archives that document the gulag prison camps. What form of history should be taught is, of course, also a matter of intense debate in the U.S.. The proponents of the 1619 Project argue for one version of America's history, while another version is furiously defended by a huge, notably white evangelical and or Republican section of the population, so that what is the past is now a vital political issue. Yet such revisionism has itself a long history going back at least to Ancient Rome. Tacitus begins his annals. The histories of Tiberius and Caligula of Claudius and Nero were falsified during their lifetime out of dread, then after their deaths were composed under the influence of still festering hatreds. From the recounting of the Spanish armada story, valiant small British ships against massive Spanish ones, to heroic tales of the Battle of Britain, British history is crowded with myths. After 1945, the country exalted entails of how the country had all pulled together, valiantly during the World War, preserving Britain's place as one of the big three powers. What the military historian Michael Howard has called nursery history as sent up by the 1960s satirical review beyond the fringe in its sketch after myth of war. The French thought themselves the decisive factor in the outcome of the First World War, many in the United States have only a hazy notion of who helped them win the second. Kwame and kuruma, president of Ghana from 1960 to 1966, commissioned huge murals to show European scientists being instructed by African predecessors, a fiction he deemed necessary for national self respect..
Dr. Drew Podcast
"ancient rome" Discussed on Dr. Drew Podcast
"The world's largest personal publishing service. Now, 42 million transactions over 22 countries. My goodness, prior to joining staff fish, Ben was president CEO of community ventures locally branded portals for American communities. And let's see. You're from Penn, where are you going to be economics? And welcome to the program. Thanks so much. Are you from these coast? I actually born in Israel and I grew up in New Jersey since the age of ten. Wow. We're in New Jersey. Montclair, 2020 minutes. So did you have family working in the city? No, actually in nutley. My parents are scientists. And so interesting. And what? So the molecular biology. And they were my father who's a very, very prominent scientist in his mid 80s and still works 7 days a week. Wow. But he was offered a research institution where he didn't have to teach, which was a huge blessing because his great researcher has no interest in teaching. And he had an unlimited budget and he could do basic science research with our reporting to anybody. What was his thing? What was the field? He's crazy. I mean, he's done so many things. He's done a molecular biology in yeasts in neurotransmitter transporters. He is one of the most important scientists in the world of photosystem one, which is the secret to life on earth. It's the world's only perfect machine, which is the photosynthesis. It's a photo. It's a first step in photosynthesis, and it has a 100% efficiency for every photon that it absorbs, it jumps in electron. Wow. And it's a massively complex structure that he was the first one to actually map the structure of. Does he have a theory where it came from? Well, he does actually. I can't wait. So what's fascinating about it? So you would think a perfect machine, like something that's perfectly efficient, it would be simple. Because you have less friction, less parts. When it isn't simple, it makes me think, well, it came from somewhere. It came in on an asteroid or something. That's exactly right. And photosystem one is ancient. It literally I start thinking about the millions and millions of galaxies out there. And then the time function of millions of galaxies and that's what it would take to create a unit like that. You jumped very quickly. That's very good. But basically, it's almost impossible for it to have evolved on earth. Too much. It's too much too much. It didn't have enough time. Right. So it would have been quadrillion of years. That's right. Oh, how fascinating. So we're all aliens, guys basically. Well, listen, I think that the whole thing that mitochondria jumping into animal cells, there's something there too. That mitochondria bacteria, whatever it was. Which was a bacteria before it became mitochondria. It probably came somewhere, and then jumped in and boomed all of a sudden we have animal life plant life. Anyway, that's not the purpose. Although I would argue that if you do your job well, your students will be thinking about things like this. Absolutely. So talk to me about Minerva university. Sure. Well, the core premise, being an immigrant, and having the U.S. being my adopted home. You can see things the rest of us can't see. Well, it's actually not even that. There's a love of country that is intellectual as opposed to automatic. Because when you choose a place to be your home and you, you have to really buy into that system. When I moved here when I was ten, my parents, the institute they worked for, unfortunately, shut down. They moved back to Israel and they were 20. And it was a bit of a juncture point for me. I was already a pen, but I had to really make a decision. Am I an American or am I Israeli? Yes. And I chose to be an American. I realized that well, there must have been so many made a choice to be an Israeli to along the way. Where did they come from? That's right. So my father was actually born in Palestine before the country was formed. And his parents migrated from my grandmother's Ukrainian, my grandfather is from Belarus. So I have the same exact except my grandfather, some of Ukraine, my grandmother's brothers. But there was this huge exodus around the domo were and all that stuff. That's exactly right. Yeah. So they were part of that. And my mother actually whose polish was a Holocaust survivor. And so she migrated to Israel in 1950. After the war and after everything else. So they were, they chose that incredible entity because it was a, it was a Beacon of hope and will discrimination. And I effectively chose the United States because of the promise of the country. And what it's all about, and I was very much enamored with the idea of a representative republic and what that means. And when I went to college, Israelis not a representative republic. No, it's a parliamentary democracy. Of course. Democracy. So it has a lot of dysfunction because of that. I recently been having a little admiration envy for parliamentary processes. Watching what goes on in England and things always sort of fascinating and entertaining to me. But go on, go on. So when I went to college, I took a class on the history of the American university. In fact, my first semester of freshman year, and what struck me as a really lightning bolt moment was that the ideal of the American university, the concept of a liberal arts education. The term, they say, oh, you know, liberal arts, what does that mean? Art, poetry, stuff like that. And of course, it has nothing to do with that. It has nothing to do with the humanities at all. It is the arts. Humanities. Well, not as the founding fathers envisioned it, because they think about when they thought about what a liberal arts education is about. They really thought about how do you form this new society where you're not born into your station and you don't serve the cross or The Crown. That you yourself are the song. How do you make good citizens? How do you make good citizens? Exactly. And there's really a Roman concept. Exactly. It was modeled after Ancient Rome, and Ancient Rome, the ideas that you would be educated in the arts were disciplines that allow you to have freedom or liberty. Hence the liberal arts. And so with enfranchisement comes responsibility. And we don't really think about it that much, but when the United States was founded, only 6% of the population was enfranchised. It's really, it really is a fascinating perspective. Well, and the founding fathers had great fear of the rest. That is correct. Because they weren't liberally educated. Because they were not liberal educated. And the entire model, the Jeffersonian model of the franklinian model, what frankly called practical knowledge, which Jefferson called useful knowledge, the theory was we will expand in franchisement over time, but we have to educate first. We have to actually provide systematic thinking that allows our citizens to have practical knowledge such that not only can they vote, but they can also change careers, which was such a radical idea in the 18th century, but if you're going to have somebody who will act as a senator as a judge as a president, you're not training for that job, you may have been a merchant or a farmer beforehand. And you have the capacity to take the learnings you have from one area and apply it to another. Cincinnatus was a great role model for that whole idea. Yeah, and so you're talking to someone very strong feelings about liberal arts. Went to a liberal arts college and feel that that's why I could think about photosynthetic processes and things and sort of reason about that because I was just beat the shit out of an uncritical thinking and analytic thought. And it changed my mind. It changed my brain. So I have a very strong opinion about liberal arts. Done well. And liberal arts, not done well. That's right. Not done well, it's a nothing. It's a zero. It's a zero. Done well, it's exactly what we're talking about. That's right. And to do it well is very hard and requires a lot of work and dedicated teachers. That's right. And it requires really. If you really want to do it, it requires a curricular approach. Well, talk about that. Go ahead. Well, to me, because I sort of agree with you, but I'm not sure I agree with you. Okay, so this was kind of the lightning bolt moment, which was, I looked at.
The Book Review
"ancient rome" Discussed on The Book Review
"His psyche, his positive attitude, the skills that they have, they course through every surgeon's body in today's world. And so we're looking at a 5000 year old continuum. And surgeons of today, when you go see your surgeon today, you have to understand that the knowledge that they are using on you was learned over centuries. What did surgery look like in Ancient Rome for, say, Galen in the second century? Not something that you and I would recognize and not something that you and I would like to undergo. Understand that there are four elements of the surgical operation that need to be present for the operation to be successful. Now, what are those four elements? One is an understanding of anatomy. That's the first. We have to understand the ability to stop blood flow based if blood is flowing over the place of surgeon can't see where they're going. Then you have to have anesthesia. And you have to advance the sepsis without those four things. If they stay at the park, the surgical operation can not exist. At least successfully. So when you ask me about Ancient Rome, we're about each of you don't need to go back that far. You can go back to the 18th century, all of those elements were not in place for instance. The study of human anatomy by the salus did not occur until the 16th century. That is when human anatomy finally began to be understood. The ability to stop blood flow was something that a man by the name of parade also 16th century. So in the 16th century, we knew anatomy. We knew blood flow, but there's only one problem. They were still doing operations. But they had no ability to have anesthesia and no ability to have antisepsis. So patients would suffer, obviously, from the pain, and they would die from infection after the operation..
Rear Vision
"ancient rome" Discussed on Rear Vision
"She said that she knew that women of a class above her, not slave women, but women of a property class were preparing poisons. And that if they would follow her, she could bring them to the women poisoners and bring this problem to light. And so the officials go with her. And she brings them to the women that she said were preparing the poisons. So two of the women said, no, no, these aren't poisons. These are actually very helpful remedies. There's no problem here. So the informant said, that if they're so healthful, you should drink them and when they drink them, they died. And they were then shown to be part of this ring of women that were preparing poisons. And according to our historian, there were about a 170 women that were involved in this poisoning ring. So this should bring an end to the problem and they were brought together and punished, but just to make sure the Roman officials said we need to take one more precaution, which is an old practice of what they call driving in the nail or affixing a nail. And this was a very ancient practice that was meant to ward off insanity and madness and derangement that would come over the people. So they elected just for the moment a dictator because Rome didn't keep dictators around, but when they needed one, they elected one. So they elected a dictator to drive in the nail and he drove in the nail and that according to livy is the end of the story. He drove in the nail. He gave up his dictatorship and life went on as normal after that. And we can draw a thread from Ancient Rome to today, and that's why conspiracy theories are created in the first place. At the root of any conspiracy theory is an absolute abhorrence of the possibility that even the remote possibility that we are at the mercy of chance or of fate. And that sometimes bad things just happen. And that rather than understand it that way, we try to find reasons. So they're always driven by a deep desire to have a reason so that we can feel more in control of our circumstances. And so it's much easier to find a reason for something in a group of people that are basically marginalized, whether it's by status, class, gender, race, whatever. Anybody who's marginalized can then become a target for the explanation that we seek that would make us feel safer than if we were simply at the mercy of chance. Fast forward to the 1300s, and we see the same thing happening. Part of the explanations that were put forth for the plague in the 14th century were that Jews were poisoning wells. And this was part of the roaring antisemitism at the time that was already alive and well in the community. But then with the plague, made it very easy to say, well, here's a group of people that are responsible for this. And it was very easy to do because it was already a group that was being targeted. This pattern repeats itself through the ages during times of fear, disease, and uncertainty, people strive to find answers, and in that process can find consolation in conspiracy theories, and we've seen this since the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak. There have been many conspiracy theories about COVID-19. That stroke using ski again. When the pandemic first started those tended to take on one of two strands and the first was that the pandemic wasn't real, and it was being exaggerated for political purposes..
The Charlie Kirk Show
What Was Machiavelli's Position on War?
"A quote here That i wanted to ask you about that. Machiavelli said which segues beautifully there is. No avoiding war. It can only be postponed to the advantage of others now. I suppose you could take that a variety of different ways to mean war in the sense that we mean war or is he writing this advice to a political figure. You're saying like if you have you have to crush your political opponents now or else they're only gonna grow stronger. Both you're referring to a quote that comes up from chapter three of the prince. At least the next chapter. He lays out the differences between ancient rome in the way modern politics in its business in modern politics. Machiavelli says there's an inclination that you think that somehow wars avoidable that if you just avoid war it won't come to you. In the context of the coat you're mentioning machiavelli talking about foreign enemies for machiavelli. It's it's natural for human beings to want to expand into acquire and so it's the natural inclination of all governments want row a net means imprint in in japan your own borders and national interests. So then you're caught in arms race so to speak of expanding yourself so machiavelli. He thought that the seeked wrong a classical rome was they never thought war was it. Avoidable always took the fight to their enemies now in the discourses he talks about the same phenomenon domestically he says. Sometimes you're gonna find you have enemies within you better stripe while they're still week before they grow and become a faction and which as you're going to have to have either a civil war even
Everything Everywhere Daily
Why Does the Year Start on January 1?
"Every year. The earth orbits around the sun and we celebrate each revolution on new year's day. But what's so special about this particular spot in our orbit. Why do we use january first as the start of our year as opposed to some other day as we go back in history. Most human civilizations did not use a solar calendar they used. Lunar calendar's in fact if you look at the traditional calendars for countries such as china vietnam or for religion such as judaism and islam. They have lunar calendars and their new year's day changes it state every year. Our current calendar can be traced back to ancient rome. The very early romans way back at the founding of the city used to have ten months and that ten months system is still reflected in many of the names of our months today. Their first month was marcus named after the god mars which we call march after march came the months of april ass- maya's and junius the months after this. We're just named after their number until he has sex tellus september october november and december so yeah december are twelve months really means the ten months in latin likewise with november october and september however. Ten months didn't really fit nicely into a year. They had two full months worth of leftover dates. That didn't really fit into any month to rectify this around the year. Seven hundred pc. The roman king numa added two more months to the counter. I annual areas named after the roman god janus and february's which was now the last and shortest month of the year for romans. The beginning of each month was called the callan's so the start of the year was the callans of march or mark. I then at some point and no one is quite sure. When the year began being counted on the calendar of i warious january went from being the eleventh month to being the first month. This might have had something to do with the start of terms for consoles. Romans named their years after the two consuls and power instead of numbering them so for example the year fifty nine bc. Julius caesar wisconsin with kelp. Biblis it was known as the year of caesar bibi however was weak so there was a running joke that it was the year of julius. Caesar it might also had something to do with the fact that january i was the callans closest to the winter solstice. Caesar is actually really important to this story. While the names of the months were very similar to the months we have today. The keller itself was still a mess. Caesar instituted changes to fix this problem. Anti adopted the suggestions of a greek astronomer named side of alexandria suggested going to a tropical year more on that in a bit and created the three hundred sixty five day year with a leap year every fourth year. So that's pretty much. The story right. The roman set january is the first day of the year julius. Caesar sets the julian calender. And we get to where we are today. Nope because in the middle ages the system fell apart completely at the five sixty seven council of tours and there were a whole bunch of different councils of tours so you have to specify. The church declared that january. I was not to be celebrated as the new year as it was a pagan tradition. What replace january first. Well nothing there were. A whole bunch of different days celebrated oliver europe for centuries. Some places used christmas. Which was the winter solstice on. The julian calendar some use the floating date of easter someone back to the old roman march first. And some if you remember back to the episode on why. Christmas is on december twenty fifth us. The important date of march twenty-fifth start of the new year eventually. For a whole host of reasons pope gregory the thirteenth the problems with the julian calender and use the opportunity to standardize the new year back to being january first for good measure. They also made january first holiday which it still is. Today originally january. I was the feast of the circumcision of jesus. But now it's just called the solemnity of mary. Of course not. Everyone was on board with the new calendar. Catholic countries were quick to adopt it but protestant and orthodox countries were not in particular. One country was very late to adopt january first as the beginning of the new year. That country was england. England celebrated their new year on march twenty fifth. In fact their colonies in the americas. Did this as well up until seventeen. Fifty two in seventeen. Fifty england passed what was known as the calendar new style. Act also known as chesterfield's act which is when they adopted the gregorian calendar. The very first thing mentioned in the act was the problem with using march twenty fifth as the new year when everyone else in europe used january first including scotland so when england finally adopted january first as the start of the new year. So did the american colonies for the first time today. Most countries now use the gregorian calendar even if it's only for business purposes to stay instinct with the rest of the world new year celebration such as ted in vietnam chinese new year or rosh hashanah are still traditional festivities held on different days all over the world. The fact remains that there's nothing astronomically significant about january first even though it celebrating an astronomical event aka revolution around the sun so if we were starting new calendar from scratch. What would we pick before. I mentioned that sausage unease of alexandria suggested we celebrate a tropical year and pick that word carefully as opposed to a solar year because there are two types of solar years and they're very similar a tropical year is the time from one season to the next based on win the solstices occur. The current years based on the gregorian calendar are tropical years. However there's also a thing known as ideal year which is when we measure the position of earth based on the location of stars the difference between a ideal year and a tropical year is very small. He said you real year is only twenty minutes longer. This can add up. However the difference between the julian calendar and the gregorian calendar is only eleven minutes per year and that caused a lot of problems over the centuries this has to do with the procession of the orbit that is constantly changing their to logical places to define a new year based on astronomic principles. The i would be one of the solstices. This is something that humans have pictured for thousands of years and have recognized its importance. The winter solstice also is in too far away from january. First the solstice really has more to do with the tilt of the earth however and not the orbit of earth there is something significant about the orbited the earth. That is a point. We could use and oddly enough. It's really close to january. First even though the ancients had no clue the orbit of the earth around the sun is close to circular but it isn't perfectly circular it's a slight ellipse hence there is a point where the earth is closest to the sun. And it's called the para helium perihelion in the year. Twenty twenty one takes place on january second the date of para helium drifts. Over time in the year twelve forty-six para helium actually took place on the same date as the salsas in the year. Six thousand four hundred and thirty it will take place. On the spring equinox so january first is the start of our year which marks astronomical event even though the data itself has no astronomical significance set by the romans abandoned by the church only to be later adopted once again by the church so as the romans did celebrate the callans of january which honors janice the roman god with two faces one which looks into the past at the old year and one which looks into the future at the new
Miss Information: A Trivia Podcast
The Roman Empire (with Hannah McIntyre)
"This is wonderful because we've actually had some requests Yes for this this topic and neither of us have been able to bring ourselves. Haven't been have mustered up enough courage. I can I can do the pronunciations justice. Oh, see now that's bullshit. Tell. You land. Will probably bad. So don't worry. Yeah that didn't Stop Hannah. As I have never done a Roman episode either I don't know why I'm up here on my high horse but anyway. Thank you for this I'm so excited. Please Hannah we get away. All right well, the Roman empire was the Post Republican period of ancient Rome the generally accepted dates of the Roman Empire from twenty seven BC to four, seventy, six, eighty although I'll talk about some of the differing opinions about the exact dates. Later, I WANNA start off by laying some of the groundwork of how room operated before we get into the Roman Empire itself. This city and Kingdom of Rome was mythological founded around seven hundred and fifty BC with seven fifty three BC being the most commonly accepted date. It was founded by Romulus the city's namesake and his brother Ramos who are nursed by she will after being abandoned on the banks of the river. Tiber. ROMULUS ended up killing his brother during a dispute over which the seven hills to build the new city on and became the first. King of Rome who? Start. Yeah, just you know as you do murder brother side, you want to build your city on late normal things normal Italian things I would say. Yeah. That's. That's true. So. The Roman Kingdom was the earliest period in Roman history when seven kings ruled before it became a republic. So in five Oh nine BC, the monarchy was overthrown and the Roman Republic was established the majority of the former king's functions were passed onto two men named consuls who are elected to term of one year and could be prosecuted after council ships ended if abuse those powers Ooh I like that. Yeah. That's a little. GonNa Balance. Right there. Yeah exactly and under the Republic Room also began the practice of assigning dictators basically, if things got. So Harry that they're like now we can't risk multiple dudes working to solve this problem. Just let one guy decide everything. So elegant stunned, they could choose a person to be a dictator for six months for six months. That's Max dictator I think you know yeah, I like. It was their choice and also if whatever the dictator was chosen to carry out, usually it was war like somebody or something I if that finished earlier than the six months period, the dictator was actually expected to them be like, okay, that's it. I'm done and dislike resigned their dictatorship. Okay, that's also something that the Italians are really good about is giving power. and. They were actually fairly common until the end of the second punic war, which is the one with Hannibal and the elephants and actually did work pretty well late the Roman republic was basically constantly at war during this time since it went from essentially being a city sitting on a bunch of hills to being invaded by gulls then they took over the entire Italian peninsula and they defeated Carthage over the course of the three punic worse than they conquered all of modern bakeries and finally they had three different slave revolts with the last one being the one with Spartacus said everyone who's about and. So obviously that much war and that much rapid expansion meant there is like unrest in the air and it opened the door to a lot of military leaders to make their mark in the world, which is where we're gonNA start our main story about the empire. Julius. Caesar was never an emperor of Rome and died under the Roman Republic and not the Roman Empire that you cannot start talking about the Roman Empire without first talking about my boy JC.
BrainStuff
What Ruined City Lies Under Tunisia's Waters?
"Episode from our former host Christian Sagar. This one is about the ruins of a lost Roman city off the coast of Northern, Africa and evidence about what led to its loss a. plus a more fishy finding. FEHB rain stuff Christian Sager here archaeologists recently discovered more than fifty acres twenty hector's of Roman ruins off the coast of northeastern. Tunisia. That's a small country on the northern tip of Africa and situated on the Mediterranean Sea the discovery has researchers believing they may have finally found some convincing evidence that the city of Neapolis not to be confused with the Italian city of the same name that Neapolis was wiped out by a natural disaster about a thousand, six hundred and fifty years ago in addition to streets and monuments. Researchers found about one hundred tanks that would have been used to produce a garum that's a fish based fermented condiment commonly consumed in ancient Rome. In an email, how stuff works spoke to Carlos F Norrena associate professor of history at the University of California Berkeley he says that the discovery is important because it lends support to the theory that Tunisia Neapolis was submerged by a soon Nami in the fourth century. That's a useful reminder that environmental catastrophe is not only a phenomenon of the modern world scientists wrote in a twenty thirteen study in the journal Nature that as soon Nami was caused by an earthquake that occurred in three, sixty, five C E in Crete. There's no sure fire way to know the extent of the quake since measuring tools didn't exist at the time, but scientists believe to separate tremors happened in. Succession and the larger one had a magnitude of eight point zero on the Richter scale. The resulting soon Nami destroyed about fifty thousand homes and killed approximately five thousand people in the city of Alexandria Egypt and because the geological fault at the center of the earthquake was located off the coast of Crete that Greek island was actually lifted up in certain areas by as much as thirty three feet or ten meters. Historian. Honest Mercer lineas recorded the event and the newly found ruins reveal that there's much more to the story. NERINA says, the discovery also illuminates the economy of Roman. North Africa and provides further evidence for the popularity of Garum in the Roman Diet. The detail is significant. Garum was a big deal throughout the Roman Empire and as Italian archaeologist Claudio Geraldino has NPR it played a major role in the society's economy. He says that according to the Roman writers, a good bottle of garum could cost something like five hundred dollars today but that they also had garum for slaves that extremely cheap. So it is comparable to a modern amenity like. For instance, the underwater findings of Neapolis and it's abundant manufacturing materials indicate that the city was a major historical hub Neapolis, which means new city
A Way to Garden with Margaret Roach
Botanical Latin with Ross Bayton
"What an undertaking encyclopedia more than two thousand plants. Five thousand entries or terms and hundreds of beautiful botanical. It was quite a work came to me and said well. We have room for about five thousand words. Which ones are? You'RE GONNA choose while it was quite an option. There are millions of clients out there so I had to kind of winnow it. Down to the the cream of the crop. Well I've been enjoying it As I said in the introduction you dipping back in and really smiling to have sort of the provenance of the definition so to speak of many of my favorite plants revealed but before we get to that I just wanted to Know a little bit about like why this is not new territory for you've written other things about plant genealogy so to speak. Why is this important to you? Where did you get into this in your life? Well I started gardening as a kid I had a poll of English. Iv that I grew in my room My parents were in the military and we traveled around a lot so I didn't have a garden but I grew a lot of house. Plants and I started by dipping into book that my mom had go reader's digest. It was an encyclopedia of. Houseplants HAS NAMES THERE. And some beautiful illustrations and the words just seem to stick in my mind in a way. The other things don't tend to forget people's names really really good at remembering of names I once. I started to see similarities between one name and another started to be curious about. Won't connections were my mom's a big fan of sweet peas and they are Lazarus Buddha Ross's yes and I realized meant fragrant and I saw that word in other plant names in my garden right spring. But it all the DOTS connecting. Yeah Yeah so okay so for gardeners listening. So why Latin any way and is it truly even Latin or is there some Greek in here? You know what what tell us a little bit about? Why Botanical Latin kind of like Wyatt evolved why it was invented quote unquote. You know a little history. What we call botanical lasted would not be understood by people living in ancient Rome last night. basically what happened is is in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries scholars at universities. They taught entirely in Latin Understanding learning this language was thought to provide agility of mind for the students but also A lot of universities were connected to the church and many churches also Gave that the the Bible was written in Latin and many of their Liturgies were also given in that language so it was very common for scholars to understand that This particular language and for it seemed a natural thing when they started to name plans to use a lot and that they were already using their day to day Scholarly Endeavour right so and then along came. Lineas yes eventually yes then. The names was a Swedish botanist Manassas. Actually his last name. His Swedish name was funding and like many of the scholars of his time on heat he taught Latin and he had a broad interest in science. He was trying to the medical dogs up but he received plants and animals that were brought to him by sailors by travelers and he was really fascinated to try and classify them. I'm so he would give them names in Latin but the really important thing that he did was he gave them a two part name now before. Luna's every all the names that were given to plants and animals. We're actually loan descriptions of those plants animals in lasted. That's pretty cumbersome. When you're dealing with a plant you don't want to name as eight or ten words in it What the did was he. Shorts these down to two words and we now call those toured names the dated by bills and the names that you find in the book right. You mentioned sailors a minute ago. And so this was the early Eighteenth Century. Onward was sort of the age of plant exploration. Yeah people are bringing. It wasn't just Europe where he was it was people were bringing things in from other places and there were unknown thing so different people would be communicating with people in other countries. And I guess didn't I think in the book One of the essays up front says something like one. Great Advantage of Latin is its universality that It's not the language of any one nation. Was that also part of the motivation. Absolutely nobody really speak Latin and so the language that can be used by people in in any country but some last had an advantage in the east started his work in Sweden and Sweden doesn't really have an awful big flora. It doesn't have very many different species of plants. If lemass it'd been born in Central Africa or in South America where plants were much more common much more diverse. It's entirely possible. That just would have been so confused by this great diversity. That Egos have never come up with the system that he did because he only had to work. On a small group of plants he was able to develop a system and then refined as people brought plants to in from other parts of the world so he's began in Europe but this Checks on me that he began quickly began to spread across the world as Europeans and others were exploring further afield and since it wasn't the language anyone nation. It was kind of a shared language for all of these people. There'd be excluded. Yeah yeah it didn't belong to one person so everybody could use it and today they still do If you read a botanical papers from China almost the only part that you'll be able to read if you're an english-speaking lot me is Latin names right so we were mentioned you know plants The system for naming plants and of course it was for other organisms as well and I read an essay. You wrote recently. Or maybe it's excerpted from the book Where you muse about Latin name Homo Sapiens and And how it doesn't sound very fancy compared to some of the plant names that are more elaborate but until you understand what it translates as Which is wise man? Yeah so we gave ourselves Ed very good name. Yeah we were quite modest. Fabian is the name that was given by lineas fact. Lunacies body actually remains the type specimen for the human species because when when he named humanity based on himself he will forever be remembered as the original human. These Wet Tax on consent. So he's not pressed in herbarium slide but he is the type specimen yeah. It's the todd specimen in his tomb in Sweden. So I was early on. I was when I was first. Learning from much. More scholarly individuals plant friends I was paralyzed. Know afraid to say the words out loud because they looked so difficult and I was told. Don't worry Margaret. It wasn't a spoken language. Really it was okay. Just have at it and try to pronounce stuff and and do my best which is always going to be better than a common name. So does pronunciation matter you give guidelines. I think you sort of let us off the hook and say don't worry also. Is that correct? You're absolutely correct Margaret. I always tell people all to worry about it There are purists who might adults two pronunciations for certain parts of botanical Latin. But my feeling is that I would rather people were using the names and understanding them and speaking to some rigid system appreciation You say Clemson said commodities I I think you're easily understood. Whatever the way and as I began doing this as a kid I would say names also different ways so one of the ones I used to mispronounce was the daily Jazz Amaral Kalisz then when I grew up and started speaking to people about it. I realize that everybody actually called a hammer accounts. Yes it's a subtle difference and most people understood what I was saying until I started speaking with other people. I didn't realize that there were other ways that you might say but in truth it doesn't really matter and most people will understand what you're
Gastropod
Eating the Wild: from the lost primeval forests of Europe to Robin Hood
"Used to be covered in these dense wet deciduous forests which is very different from what we see today where really hardly any of this primeval force exists anymore for her book feasting. Wild jeanneret actually visited one of the last tiny slivers of European primeval forest. It's in Poland. And it really is just a shadow of its former. Self Europe's forests were so vast that actually we think that the root of the word wilderness came from descriptions of these places the roots of the words wild and wilderness. I'll go back to untamed animals. The forest was a place. Teeming WITH ANIMALS UNGOVERNED BY HUMAN HANDS UNGOVERNED BUT NOT UNTOUCHED FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. Europeans would go into the forest to find dinner day all kinds of animals wild boar venison there is something called the RMC which is the precursor to domesticated cattle. There was for a spice in moves the animals so abundant here. That really there was no form of hunting restriction it was abundant but it was also really valued killing a huge wild animal and then being able to share it was a sign of how wealthy and powerful you are. King said to have lots of wild game. At all their banquets. Animals would be breezed in rosewater and spices. Sometimes they would be covered in gold leaf and brought to the table hole and kind of carved up in front of the guests so while it was very much a form of status for kings so by the Middle Ages Those Morris. Were already starting to shrink between one thousand. Ad and thirteen hundred thirteen hundred. Europe's population grew by about fifty million people and all of those people needed to eat so there was increasing. Need to cut down the forests in order to grow grain and various crops and then also would was used for everything it was used for building houses and making carts by the fourteen and fifteen hundred. Europeans began sailing around the world. They first set forth to trade and then to stake their claim on foreign lands is colonialism spread across the globe. There was demand for very large old growth trees to create the ship. Masts that were needed and as early as the eleventh century The demand for wood was really threatening the forest where these kings went out and hunted the game meat that was so important to their diets and their status. Gina races that originally European forests had mostly being treated as common land. Anyone could hunt there. But as far back as ancient Rome the elite had sat down laws saying yes anyone could hunt but only as long as they weren't trespassing sort of by Default European kings and noblemen were the ultimate owners of the forest so as European king started to see their game meat being threatened by the need for Forest Land Day set out some very similar conservation measures whereby the king really restricted access to hunting in his forest. This is really the beginning of modern conservation lives whereby people were kept out of the forests. It's weird to think of royalty preserving their hunting grounds and keeping out the poor folk as the blueprint for the conservation movement. But jeanneret says these laws were really some of the earliest forms of environmental legislation forests. Were no longer for everyone to use as they pleased they were just for the Kings. They had very large administrative networks to manage this for so the forest wardens would they would hand out hunting licenses. They would make sure that game. Animals didn't starve winter or in times of drought. Sometimes they would prepare the venison for royal feasts and they would mete out. Punishments punishments were usually for poaching and they were definitely not just a slap on the wrist. If you ignored the game laws you could have a trial by hot iron and if you were found guilty then your eyes would be torn out or you were castrated. So poaching really big deal. The kings went to great lengths to prevent people from poaching and this had an impact on how people related to the natural world around them. The forest said always been wild in earlier centuries in Europe. They'd even been places of spirituality. But at this point the forests started to become scary rather than sacred. The authorities deliberately painted a picture of forests filled with outlaws and rebels dangerous rule breakers people who posed a threat to society with the stories. The authorities told a violent outlaws in the forest. Some of those were based on reality. There were people breaking the rules in the forest but they were breaking them because they thought the rules were unfair and they were hungry for poor people. This was one former getting food. And any time there was an economic downturn hunting would rise poaching would rise in the forests and so people did find it as an active resistance against the sort of forms of power and some of the rebels who broke the rules and hunted in the forest. They actually became folk. Heroes like Robin Hood and his band of Merry men. So Robin Hood was stealing from the rich and giving to the poor but this also came out of this idea that the force were not necessarily landscapes that poor people were allowed to access or use the resources of and so it wasn't active resistance to go in there and to get in game animals and feed yourself on one level. This is a story of power who could hunt and eat the wild game and wendling European forests and who couldn't that it's also the story of the impact that split between rich hunters and bore poachers had on how Europeans thought of wild food and the whole concept of the wild and wilderness. This is a very particular way of thinking of wild meat. As game to be hunted for sport by the elites and otherwise off limits and this is a template that the Europeans took with them as they colonized countries around the world so when the first European colonists arrived in the Congo Basin they sort of carried this cultural baggage of seeing forest as these dark empty wastelands without people so even though there were a long history of human habitation and numerous groups living in the Congo Basin forests. The European comments kind of didn't see them and there was this real sense of Europeans thought of this landscape as Darkest Africa. Take David Livingston. He was a Scottish missionary and explorer. Who is obsessed with finding the source of the Nile? He did a an exploratory expedition across the Congo wilderness. And he described Congress for us as suffocating wilderness and people waste that seem to have an oppressive silence so in May of eighteen eighty five. The you know quote unquote international community. Which is England France Germany Belgium and Italy? They recognize King Leopold the second of Belgium as having a sovereign claim over much of the Congo and five years later these same countries created what was effectively the first international conservation law this lowest passed in the early nineteen hundreds and it was called the Convention for the preservation of wild animals birds and fish in Africa. Local people couldn't hunt or trap or fish in certain areas of the country. The law was modeled. After the way European forests had become protected game reserves for rich people rich people in particular but of course just like in Europe the forests in Africa weren't actually pristine empty wildernesses before there were plenty of people who depended on them. There were a lot of different groups. Living in the Congo forest somewhere. More nomadic hunter-gatherers others were farming communities living within the rain forest but for all of these groups wild meat provided a very essential source of food. So there were all kinds of animals being eaten everything from various kinds of antelope to forest buffalo wild boar monkeys. You know just hundreds of different animals that communities ate in the forest there were cultural. Taboos around eating certain species particularly ones that were long lived and slow to reproduce like elephants which could and did occasionally provide a lot of meat was considered a sacred act to kill an elephant similar with eating bonobos which are great ape. That's very similar to us. There were beliefs that there is a direct link to that ancestral spirit world so all of these cultural beliefs had an ecological basis to really help conserve animals that had large social complex social groupings or were slow growing and thus thunderbolts over
BrainStuff
Who Put the Baby in King Cake?
"We Cubans Mark Our holidays with glee cheer and often mouth watering desserts. Entered the New Orleans King. Cake the frosted coffee cake like sweet roll typically eaten between January sixth and fat Tuesday. Which is the day before lent begins? It's a staple of the Mardi gras season for those unfamiliar with this festive dessert. The New Orleans version is often made of rich Danish style dough braided and shaped into a large ring in often with one or a variety of fillings. Think cinnamon sugar chocolate. Raspberry preserves chopped sugar cons or sweetened. Cream cheese it's usually covered in a suite glazer frosting and decorated with Gold Green and purple sugar or icing and of course hidden somewhere within the tender layers of this frosted treat is a small plastic baby which sounds real weird if you're unfamiliar so let's back up a little. Because the origins of King cake go way back and yes. There are kings involved. Kim Cake derives from the holiday. Three Kings Day also called tiffany which is a Christian Feast Day celebrated on January sixth with the day after the Twelfth Day Christmas this holiday celebrates the Biblical Tale of the Three Kings Aka. Three wise men or madge by visiting the baby. Jesus it kicks off the Mardi Gras or carnival season which lasts until the first day of lent which is a moving holiday that falls forty days before Easter. Anyway the three kings are. Why can cakes are a seasonal treats in the shape of a crown or a more or less circular band anyway? Those three colors decorated with our symbolic purple for justice. Green for faith and gold for power and tradition holds that the plastic baby in the cake represents Jesus just as Jesus showed himself to the three wise men he will show himself to those enjoying king cake. Whoever finds the baby in there slice is crowned King or Queen for a day or hosts the next Mardi gras celebration or at least buys the cake next year? It's a lucky. Token other Tokens Coins. Peas. Pecans beans were what was up in the past and may still show up hundreds of thousands of king cakes or sold at New Orleans Mardi gras season. I couldn't track down a firm total but the big commercial bakeries ramp up to producing three thousand five hundred king cakes per day. Their busiest the Danish style dough is the most popular. But it's not the only kind either flakier or fluffier dough can sometimes be found and New Orleans isn't the only place to serve king cakes by far in northern France. You can find glut their Roy a flaky. Puff Pastry was sweet almond. Filling Bulgaria and Greece have similar dishes traditionally served around the New Year but the New Orleans. Pancake is closer to the Toda. Roy from southern France made with Brioche and the Rosca de raise from Spain a ring of sweet bread topped with icing and candied fruit. Which makes sense given these Spanish and southern French settlers and colonists who got the city started in the seventeen hundreds but Mardi gras and other carnival celebrations have roots. That go way back. People have been celebrating the end of winter and the return of longer warmer days up forever. Since the first brave human dared to celebrate ancient Babylonia may have held first Carnival Circuit Two thousand six hundred BC E. This was a festival that celebrated Mirth and change through satire by making a show of role reversals. There would be a parade through the streets. A pair of peasants would be royalty for the day and royalty would act like fools pranks played. Folks would wear costumes depicting social classes other than their own and everyone partied. Sound a little familiar. These traditions were incorporated into and or disseminated through Grecian and Roman cultural traditions. The first king cakes make all the way back ancient Rome. As part of the celebration of Saturnalia. A Winter Solstice and harvest festival a pastry would be baked with the fava bean hidden inside and the finder would be named king for the day. The tradition became a part of epiphany celebrations in the Middle Ages. The fava bean was sometimes replaced by porcelain token of a crowned head to take some of the pagan out of it. When Spain France spread their outposts to the Americas the king tradition came with them and took on a life of Zone particularly in New Orleans. The baby trinket didn't come along until a bakery called Mackenzie's came up with the idea in the nineteen fifties. At first these figures were made out of porcelain and baked inside the cake. But we're eventually replaced with plastic which comes alongside the cake due to concerns about baking plastic. These early cakes were more brioche like or pedals they like and didn't have filling. That didn't come around until the nineteen eighties as acres began adding more eggs and sugar to the recipes or straight up switching to Danish pastry recipes. An anecdotal tail puts the first commercial. Filled can cakes in New Orleans tonight. Eighty-three according to Baker Jones semen that year baked four filled cakes? Her husband took one to work and they got twenty five calls about filled cakes within thirty minutes through the nineteen eighties and nineties. Cajun and creole food became national trends and shipping technology improved as well allowing for more or less affordable overnight shipping then in two thousand four the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina honed New Orleans sense of community history and pride and both local and national hunger for these traditional dishes which means that celebrates have a veritable glut of kinky options today. Miniature king cakes can kick doughnuts. Can Kate Vodka can take bourbon? Milk Punch can kick smoothies and of course in a city that loves the party. A whole can cake festival held in late. January
AP 24 Hour News
Roman Forum find could be shrine to Rome's founder, Romulus
"Archaeologists excavating the Roman forum have discovered an underground shrine dedicated to Romulus the founder of Rome the monument includes an underground chamber with a fifty five inch high star cop I guess and what appears to be an altar and it dates from the sixth century BC the forum was the center of public life in ancient Rome the location of the monument to Romulus is near the main complex of public buildings which include the Senate and the rostrum the speaker's podium where all important
Not Too Shabby
Roman Forum find could be shrine to Rome's founder, Romulus
"Italian archaeologists have unveiled a significant new find on the Roman forum the remains of the temple of the city's mythical founder wrong with us the newly discovered temple will now be the subject of a sorry okay logical investigation is expected to open to the public in two years time Mr PK reports the forum was the heart of ancient Rome so the news that the remains of a temple it's mythical founder Romulus had been discovered that caused a lot of excitement especially as the building was from the very earliest days of Rome and contained a mysterious sarcophagus but hopes that Romulus his body had been discovered have been dashed the grave is an empty one only use for ceremonies some classical scholars had raised their eyebrows at the speculation about Rome Ulysses grave ancient sources tell us that he didn't leave behind a body if he ever existed in the first place he was either raise to heaven all told to pieces by senators jealous of his
The BreakPoint Podcast
Americans Are Dying Younger
"Inching Christians had a reputation for running toward the plague. Not Away from it today. There's a new plague. That demands are responsible for the Colson Center. I'm John Stonestreet. This is break. Point between nineteen fifty nine and two thousand sixteen life expectancy in the US rose from sixty nine point. Nine years to seventy eight point nine years. Most people know that. But did you know that since then it's reverse course. A new study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association Paints a portrait of a society in deep trouble for the third year in a row now the average life expectancy in the. US has declined the last time. American life expectancy CONSI declined three years in a row war one and the Spanish flu pandemic killed six hundred. Seventy five thousand Americans. Now percentage wise that would be the same as losing two and a half million Americans today of course in the early nineteen hundreds there were no antibiotics viruses. Were unknown. Never mind antiviral all drugs. The germ theory of disease only recently been widely accepted in the US in the kind of public health and sanitation measures that we now take for granted. We're we're still in their infancy and today the. US spends a far larger share of its GDP on health care than any other nation yet. Other wealthy nations are not experiencing the same reversal in life expectancy in fact people in some less wealthy nations like Costa Rica have significantly longer life expectancies expectancies than Americans. So whatever is causing Americans to die younger and younger has nothing at all to do with medical science or technology as a recent Washington. Post article describes the causes behind. This dramatic shift. Are things like suicide. Drug overdoses liver disease and dozens of other causes. These causes are summed. Up in a phrase deaths from despair that was coined by researchers and case and Angus Deaton and other words we are facing an epidemic Amac of young people giving up on life sometimes before it ever really even starts for them as a public health expert told the Post people are feeling worse about themselves and in their futures at leading them to do things that are self destructive and not promoting health was the study shows. They're giving up a younger and younger age. The same hopelessness US leading to the uptick and deaths from despair is also driving what I call acts of desperation that we also see in our culture in this category add put acts of mass violence or abuse in the increasing number of young people willing to self mutilate in a pursuit for their identity. This sad story brings to mind Matthew Nine thirty six when Jesus saw the crowds. He had compassion for them because they were harassed and helpless like sheep without a shepherd. The Greek word that it is here translated compassion describes visceral reaction not a mere sentiment. In other words it's like Jesus felt this one in the gut. His response to their plight was to tell his disciples pray earnestly to the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers in to his harvest starting with themselves. Our current opinion of dying young should elicit a similar response from us as Chuck. Wholesome like to say it's time for the church to be the church like our Lord? We must see the harassed Aston Helpless around us. We must feel they're suffering as if it were our own and we must pray that God would show us how he'd have US respond. If as Paul told the Athenians got his determine the time and place where we live we cannot be spectators in this cultural moment to the unfolding tragedies around us God God has placed us here to act A. This doesn't mean we'll solve the problem anymore than those who ran toward the plague in ancient Rome could stop it. The restoration of all things will only be complete when Christ returns and glory but we can offer a preview of that restoration. Here now. That's what we and only only we have to offer the world if we can't bring ourselves to do this and something else is terribly wrong. This time with us
This Day in History Class
The Origins of Driving on the Left Side of the Road
"Day was september third. One thousand nine hundred sixty seven traffic in sweden switched from being being on the left side of the road to the right side of the road. The day is officially known as hugger traffic com lag uneaten or the right hand traffic diversion. It's also called dogan hoa or h day for short. The change caused some disruption but not much since sweden. We didn't have been preparing for the switch for a while. Most countries in the region drove on the right side of the road. Though some european countries like orland britain and iceland stuck to driving on the left side many of britain's former territories still drive on the left as well left side driving can be traced back to ancient rome. It's not clear why ancient romans traveled on the left but it could have been so they could use their weapons with their right hand. When someone approached the practice of staying on the left side of the road continued into medieval europe but by the nineteenth eighteen century the united states canada france and germany had adopted the key right role more european countries standardized driving on the right side side throughout the twentieth century that became an issue for swedish drivers since imported in swedish may car's steering on the left side and places that have have right hand side regulations drivers sit on the left hand side that way drivers can see past the vehicle in front of them but passing car in sweden sweden was difficult and dangerous since drivers sat and drove on the left side. This awkward set up led to many head on collisions onto lane highways as drivers ventured into oncoming traffic to pass a vehicle. Also people from nearby countries like denmark norway and finland. We're used to driving on the right side so they often got an accident when they visited sweden because of the confusion so the swedish government decided take the issue of whether sweden switch to right hand side driving to a vote in one thousand nine hundred eighty five referendum eighty three percent of people opposed the switch but by nineteen sixty seven there were a lot more vehicles on the road and safety was a concern. The government decided to go forth with a change anyway. They started a whole campaign to make the transition smooth. They created signs and stickers with the logo for the transition. The logo we'll go was in h with an arrow going from the left side to the right side of the letter beneath the eights was the planned date for the switch september third nineteen sixty eighty seven the government put out pamphlets p._s._a.'s and product step marketed the switch a song about h day hit number five on swedish music charts in addition to the public relations campaign sweden had to go through major infrastructure changes signs had to be reversed intersections in one way streets had to be dealt with and bus stops had to be moved in the days leading up to h day the new system with explained on not be on the radio and in newspapers on the morning of the change. All non-essential traffic was ordered to stay off the roads risk at four fifty in the morning. The phrase now is the time to change over was announced over loudspeakers the entire project it costs about six hundred and twenty eight million kronor or two point six billion kronor in two thousand eighteen the equivalent of three hundred sixteen million u._s. dollars on the monday after h day slightly fewer traffic accidents that average reported the number of motor insurance claims went down but this improvement was likely due to safer than normal driving by nineteen sixty-nine accident and fatality rates had gone back since h._d._a. Other nations have changed what side of the road drive onto east jeffcoat. Hopefully you know a little more about history today then and you did yesterday.
Covert Nerd Podcast
Audio Drama
"Today. We're going to look at an audio drama for marvel then we'll go old school and visit a comic from ancient Rome in the late sixties. So let's get in and out. The long night podcast is an audio drama based on the marvel character will rain, I hope they do more of these in the future this podcast came out. I think only a few months ago and shortly after I wrote this it was announced that they would do a second season called Marvel's wolverine. The loss trail being in the audio world. I know this type of storytelling can be just as difficult to make as a comic book. Now. Don't get me wrong. Both are great. And they tell a story, but they're both taxing on their creators. I've listened to many old time radio broadcasts. And that's how this podcast is done. And they're fun to listen to if you haven't listened to any of those old audio dramas, I suggest you do it on clued Lincoln the show notes to some old audio drama. People have posted on archive dot org. Audio has the good and bad benefit of not being a complete medium the difference between a TV show, and the audio drama is not everything is thrown at you. When you watch something on a screen, you're giving both. Visual and the audio. Your brain doesn't have to fill in any of the gaps with audio your brain has to draw the pictures of the scenes that the characters is scenes and the characters for you based upon what you hear and what your mind can conjure in the podcast in world the fiction genre has seen an increase in popularity in the last year. I believe this will continue to be the case over the next few years. Now, it assume that you're a fan of audio because you're listening right now, it's a personal medium. And what I mean is it's not something you typically listen to as a group. It's your player of choice in a pair of ear buds the tests on how good a podcast or audio book is is when you're listening in the car in it prevents you from getting out if it does then that's a good podcast or audio book or audio drama, whatever you wanna call it. I wanna take you back in the way back machine to the late nineties. I listened to a lot of books on tape back then because back then the word. No podcasts you had to rewind. If the previous person didn't and the portable tape player used just seem to go through AA battery so fast. I'm sounding like an old man yelling at kids get off my lawn. But anyway, fast forward to today and the effort to listen to audio like most things is almost friction lists. You can listen to whatever you want whenever you want. It's not like radio where you have to listen to whatever they want you to listen to also the barrier of entry to produce podcasts or audiobooks is much easier than it used to be. I'm not saying either as easy the -bility to get your product to the consumers relatively easy compared to ten years ago. Just like in previous episodes. I've talked about the barrier of entry as lower which is a good thing for all of us in my opinion. If you like a particular podcast, please let them know. Sometimes we as podcasters wondering. Hello, hello. Is anyone listening all the podcasters? I've talked to and listened to they all. All one hundred percent agree that when they get an Email from a listener, it gives them a huge boost. It helps them be more excited for the next episode. I think this would be a good idea for most of the things that we consume whether it's a blog post or a simple piece of digital art. Let the creator. No that you like it. It doesn't have to be lengthy a simple. Good job. Keep up the good work. We'll do wonders for creators morale. And that's why I try to do as many shoutouts to the people who contact who make contact with me. I hope you will give them a look in get some value from them, and let them know that they are putting out good content. Now, it's comic book review time, and I have two great books. I think you'll enjoy the first one is Britannia from valiant. And here's the solicit ruled by the fates manipulated by the gods commanded by Caesar in the year, sixty five AD one's destiny was not his own at the height of Niro's rain veteran Roman imperial warm. Sheen has been dispatched to the farthest reaches of the colonies to investigate unnatural happenings in the remote outpost of Britannia and Taina sacks. Yeah. The first detective will become Rome's only hope to reassert control over the empire's most barbaric frontier and keep the monsters that bridge the line between myth and mystery at bay. This is the first of three volumes released as of this recording in all three are fabulous in my opinion. Peter Milligan keeps the dialogue moving along nicely. He's the writer and also keeps you wondering about who did it until the very last page, then the art by one Jose Reeb goes into such detail and seems to get the period piece correctly. He's meticulous about every single little detail, for example on one page. We see our hero and Thomas walking down the streets as he and he draws the details of each street vendor down to the apples and carrots, and strawberries that they're selling as I mentioned. Inde the veteran. Legionnaire Taina's AXA axiom is a detective who has hesitantly working for the mad Imber Nero. I guess to sum it up. It's imagined Sherlock Holmes being thrust back into Roman times to solve crimes for the empire. When I first saw the solicit last year, I just really wasn't interested. But then I saw it again about a month ago. And I couldn't stop reading all three volumes. If you're a Roman history fan, you'll love it. If you're not you will still appreciate the art. And the amazing story that they've put together now side note, if you want to hear a great Roman history podcast the history of Rome by Mike Duncan is amazing. It's an older one. But it's still a great podcast might goes out of his way to get everything as accurate as possible. He starts with the founding of Rome by Romulus and Rimas and ends with the last western emperor, enforce seventy two AD. It's a fantastic simple way. To learn about Roman history. And I will include linked to the history of Rome podcast in the show notes. The second comic. I wanna talk about is the secret six which first appeared during the initial teams seven issue title secret, six from may nineteen sixty eight to may nineteen sixty-nine. Unusually the premiere issue story began on the cover and continued on the interior page. One this strike team of covert operatives. Consisted of August. Durant? Lili de never Carlo Duran's a Mike tempest crimson, dawn and king savage. Now, the second comic I wanted to talk about was called the secret six by DC comics, the first appeared during the initial tee teams seven issue run titled the secret six for may nineteen sixty eight to may nineteen sixty nine Carl Smith friend of the show who's a writer with the patriot. By the way, include a link to his patriot in the show notes. Checkout had mentioned the secret six a long time ago. I decided to check it out. I like the simplicity of the. Retelling? There's not a whole lot of complicated characters and in depth storylines. Basically the team has given an assignment, and they are tasked by completing the assignment one story is to recover the stolen jewels. Another is to seal steal some plans for secret jet before the communist, get them. Sometimes a personally wants to read a simple action issue and be done with it. We don't need a whole lot more. Like all teams though, each member has their own set of set of skills and abilities in which there are six of them. Hence the secret six title. This allows a story to us each member to complete their missing mission. Although the title is fifty years old. I still like the storytelling the fact that it is fifty years old as part of the fun. You can tell it was written at the height of the Cold War because the reader hears the word Kami multiple times. And it's a it's a product of its time. Also, the old stew school ads are interesting and funny like the two man submarine for only six dollars and ninety cents or. Selling greeting cards for amazing prices and own clued. The pictures of some of these ads in the show notes. I'm guarantee you most of you out there will recognize him. If you read any comics from even the eighties. A lot of these ads were still in now, she number one. They started the story on the cover which is a unique thing to do. And I'll try to include a picture of that in the show notes as well. But check it out. It's it's difficult to find. But it is still out there. I think they've collected them into a trade paperback, but I would strongly recommend just taking a look at it. It's a it's a good fun throwback to the